Plasma metals and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

Albumin-mediated alteration of plasma zinc speciation by fatty acids modulates blood clotting in type-2 diabetes

“…In addition, zinc is closely linked with insulin regulation; it is important for insulin crystallisation, storage in the b-cells of the pancreas, and release into plasma. [59][60][61] Zn 2+ binding by HSA has also been shown to promote dissociation of Zn 2+ -stabilised hexameric insulin into monomers (the biologically active form of insulin) aer exocytosis from b-cells. 62 Thus, this is another pathway in which the interference of elevated NEFA levels with Zn 2+ -binding by HSA can negatively impact on T2DM.…”

Use of human teardrop fluid for the determination of trace elements in healthy individuals and diabetic patients

“…Although many of these elements are found or used in small quantities, that is the so-called trace or ultra-trace elements, (at mg/l or lower levels) within the human body, they can have significant roles in terms of essential body processes [13,14]. Many studies have observed that trace elements are associated with type 2 diabetes through the relative deficiency of insulin and insulin resistance [3,[15][16]. Traditionally, human fluids (whole blood, blood serum or plasma, saliva or urine) have been used to determine the 'normal' levels in human study groups.…”

Mendelian randomization analyses support causal relationships between blood metabolites and the gut microbiome

“…The increase in Proteobacteria and decrease in Oxalobacteraceae observed in these Chinese individuals no more than 30 years old on average could potentially explain susceptibility to cardiometabolic and kidney diseases later in life. The bidirectional link between strontium and Streptococcus parasanguinis implies an interplay between water source and cardiovascular diseases 34,51 .…”