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PrefaceTutorial lectures given by world-renowned researchers have become one of the important traditions of the Nano and Giga Challenges (NGC) conference series. Soon after preparations had begun for the first forum, NGC2002, 1 in Moscow, Russia, the organizers realized that publication of the lectures notes would be a valuable legacy of the meeting and a significant educational resource and knowledge base for students, young researchers, and senior experts. Our first book was published by Elsevier and received the same title as the meeting itself-Nano and Giga Challenges in Microelectronics. 2 Our second book, Nanotechnology for Electronic Materials and Devices, 3 based on the tutorial lectures at NGC2004 4 in Krakow, Poland, the third book from NGC2007 5 in Phoenix, Arizona, and the current book from joint NGC2009 and CSTC2009 6 meeting in Hamilton, Ontario, have been published in Springer's Nanostructure Science and Technology series. Hosted by McMaster University, the meeting NGC/CSTC 2009 was held as a joint event of two conference series, Nano and Giga Challenges (Nano & Giga Forum) and Canadian Semiconductor Technology Conferences (CSTC), bringing together the networks and expertise of both professional forums.Informational (electronics and photonics), renewable energy (solar systems, fuel cells, and batteries), and sensor (nano and bio) technologies have reached a new stage in their development in terms of engineering limits to cost-effective improvement of current technological approaches. The latest miniaturization of electronic devices is approaching atomic dimensions. Interconnect bottlenecks are limiting circuit speeds, new materials are being introduced into microelectronics manufacture at an unprecedented rate, and alternative technologies to mainstream CMOS are being considered. The low cost of natural energy sources and ignorance of the limits and environmental impact from use of natural carbon-based fuels have been long-standing economic barriers to the development of alternative and more efficient solar systems, fuel cells, and batteries. Nanotechnology is widely accepted as a source of potential solutions in securing future progress in information and energy technologies. Nanotechnology as the art (i.e., science and technique) of control, manipulation, and fabrication of devices with structural and functional attributes smaller than 100 nm is perfectly suited to advanced CMOS technology. Th...