Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes Adherence to Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells

Alvarez, Luis Carlos Salazar; Lizcano, Omaira Vera; Barros, Dayanne Kamylla Alves da Silva; Baía-da-Silva, Djane Clarys; Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo; Pimenta, Paulo; Lacerda, Marcus Vinícius Guimarães; Costa, Fábio Trindade Maranhão; Lopes, Stefanie Costa Pinto

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.614985

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In 2020, Brito et al [76] examined the bone marrow of seven patients with acute P. vivax malaria, finding all to be positive for those parasites, along with dyserythropoiesis and inefficient erythropoiesis. Salazar Alvarez et al [77] reported P. vivax gametocyte adhesion to bone marrow endothelial cells. Infection of bone marrow in P. falciparum malaria occurs but appears narrowly restricted to immature gametocytes.…”

Section: Splenic Reservoirmentioning

confidence: 99%

African Plasmodium vivax malaria improbably rare or benign

Baird

2022

Trends in Parasitology

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Section: Splenic Reservoirmentioning

confidence: 99%

African Plasmodium vivax malaria improbably rare or benign

Baird

2022

Trends in Parasitology

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“…In the current study, more than 60% of Plasmodium -positive samples from this non-human primate species were positive for molecular markers consistent with the presence of gametocytes in their blood, demonstrating the potential of this vertebrate host species to act as a reservoir for malaria transmission. The failure to detect gametocytes in all P. simium -infected howler monkeys may be because the low densities of the gametocytes in the peripheral blood or because of their sequestration in the bone narrow, as showed for P. vivax gametocytes [ 38 , 39 ]. Interestingly, one howler monkey, previously diagnosed as positive for P. brasilianum , had positive amplification using the primers to Pvs25 locus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Plasmodium simium gametocytes in non-human primates from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Amaral

Salazar

Alvarenga

et al. 2023

Malar J

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Background Plasmodium species of non-human primates (NHP) are of great interest because they can naturally infect humans. Plasmodium simium, a parasite restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, was recently shown to cause a zoonotic outbreak in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The potential of NHP to act as reservoirs of Plasmodium infection presents a challenge for malaria elimination, as NHP will contribute to the persistence of the parasite. The aim of the current study was to identify and quantify gametocytes in NHP naturally-infected by P. simium. Methods Whole blood samples from 35 NHP were used in quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assays targeting 18S rRNA, Pss25 and Pss48/45 malaria parasite transcripts. Absolute quantification was performed in positive samples for 18S rRNA and Pss25 targets. Linear regression was used to compare the quantification cycle (Cq) and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between the copy numbers of 18S rRNA and Pss25 transcripts. The number of gametocytes/µL was calculated by applying a conversion factor of 4.17 Pss25 transcript copies per gametocyte. Results Overall, 87.5% of the 26 samples, previously diagnosed as P. simium, were positive for 18S rRNA transcript amplification, of which 13 samples (62%) were positive for Pss25 transcript amplification and 7 samples (54%) were also positive for Pss48/45 transcript. A strong positive correlation was identified between the Cq of the 18S rRNA and Pss25 and between the Pss25 and Pss48/45 transcripts. The 18S rRNA and Pss25 transcripts had an average of 1665.88 and 3.07 copies/µL, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between the copy number of Pss25 and 18S rRNA transcripts. Almost all gametocyte carriers exhibited low numbers of gametocytes (< 1/µL), with only one howler monkey having 5.8 gametocytes/µL. Conclusions For the first time, a molecular detection of P. simium gametocytes in the blood of naturally-infected brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) was reported here, providing evidence that they are likely to be infectious and transmit P. simium infection, and, therefore, may act as a reservoir of malaria infection for humans in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

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“…Although latestage P. knowlesi or P. vivax can be detected in the blood, erythrocytes infected with P. knowlesi can accumulate in the brain vasculature [53] and can bind to ICAM-1 or VCAM [54]. A proportion of late-stage P. vivax are sequestered out of circulation [47,48,51], and P. vivaxinfected erythrocytes have been shown to bind to endothelial cells [48, [55][56][57]. P. vivax members of the PIR protein family appear to be involved in this binding [10,55,58]; however evidence that PIR proteins play a role in cytoadherence of other Plasmodium species where they are expressed is lacking [59,60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A member of the tryptophan-rich protein family is required for efficient sequestration of Plasmodium berghei schizonts

et al. 2022

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Protein export and host membrane remodeling are crucial for multiple Plasmodium species to establish a niche in infected hosts. To better understand the contribution of these processes to successful parasite infection in vivo, we sought to find and characterize protein components of the intraerythrocytic Plasmodium berghei-induced membrane structures (IBIS) that form in the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes. We identified proteins that immunoprecipitate with IBIS1, a signature member of the IBIS in P. berghei-infected erythrocytes. In parallel, we also report our data describing proteins that co-precipitate with the PTEX (Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins) component EXP2. To validate our findings, we examined the location of three candidate IBIS1-interactors that are conserved across multiple Plasmodium species, and we found they localized to IBIS in infected red blood cells and two further colocalized with IBIS1 in the liver-stage parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Successful gene deletion revealed that these two tryptophan-rich domain-containing proteins, termed here IPIS2 and IPIS3 (for intraerythrocytic Plasmodium-induced membrane structures), are required for efficient blood-stage growth. Erythrocytes infected with IPIS2-deficient schizonts in particular fail to bind CD36 as efficiently as wild-type P. berghei-infected cells and therefore fail to effectively sequester out of the circulating blood. Our findings support the idea that intra-erythrocytic membrane compartments are required across species for alterations of the host erythrocyte that facilitate interactions of infected cells with host tissues.

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Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes Adherence to Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

African Plasmodium vivax malaria improbably rare or benign

African Plasmodium vivax malaria improbably rare or benign

Detection of Plasmodium simium gametocytes in non-human primates from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

A member of the tryptophan-rich protein family is required for efficient sequestration of Plasmodium berghei schizonts

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