Plastic and locally adapted phenology in cambial seasonality and production of xylem and phloem cells in Picea abies from temperate environments

Gričar, Jožica; Prislan, Peter; Gryc, Vladimír; Vavrčík, Hanuš; Luis, Martín de; Čufar, Katarina

doi:10.1093/treephys/tpu026

Cited by 88 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Classes K and A produced much more xylem than phloem, but the ratio changed in damaged beech (Classes B and C). This is in agreement with other studies (Gričar et al, , 2014Gričar and Čufar, 2008;Martinez del Castillo et al, 2016), which showed that the trees growing under stress must also produce adequate amount of phloem, which is crucial for their survival every year.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Stanje in razvoj kompetenc zaposlenih v lesni proizvodnji

Kropivšek¹,

Mokorel²,

Jošt³

2016

Acta Silvae et Ligni

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IZVLEČEKPo žledolomu leta 2014 je v gozdovih ostalo veliko poškodovanih dreves. Ker znanja o nastajanju lesa in skorje v poškodovanih drevesih primanjkuje, smo v Arboretumu Volčji Potok opravili raziskavo vpliva žledoloma na nastajanje lesa in skorje na drevesih, ki so v žledolomu pretrpela poškodbo krošnje. Izbrali smo 14 bukev, jih razvrstili v 4 razrede glede na stopnjo poškodo-vanosti krošnje (K -nepoškodovana, A -do 50 %, B -med 50 in 75 %, C -več kot 75 % poškodovana krošnja). V dvotedenskih intervalih smo iz njih odvzemali mikro-izvrtke z orodjem Trephor. Iz mikro-izvrtkov smo pripravili preparate lesa, kambija in skorje in jih analizirali s svetlobnim mikroskopom in sistemom za analizo slike. Poškodovane bukve so proizvedle od 20 do 95 % ožje ksilemske branike kot nepoškodovane, manjši je bil tudi prirastek floema. Izmed štirih razredov poškodovanosti so se pri bukvi največje razlike v debelinski rasti pokazale med razredoma A in B.Ključne besede: bukev, Fagus sylvatica, žledolom, poškodbe krošnje, nastajanje lesa, ksilem, kambij, Trephor ABSTRACTAfter the severe ice storm in 2014, numerous damaged trees were not removed from forests. Due to the lack of general knowledge about the processes occurring in damaged trees, a study involving 14 European beeches was conducted in the Arboretum Volčji Potok. Trees were categorized by crown injury; injury class K -undamaged, A -damaged less than 50 %, B -damaged between 50 and 75 %, and C -damaged more than 75 %. During the 2014 growing season, micro-cores were collected every fortnight using a Trephor tool. Changes in crowns were also observed and noted. Transverse sections of micro-cores were prepared and observed using light microscopy and an image analysis system. Xylem growth rings were 20 to 95 % narrower in damaged beech trees compared to the undamaged trees. Damaged trees also produced narrower phloem rings. The biggest differences in cambial activity in beech appeared between Class A and Class B.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Stanje in razvoj kompetenc zaposlenih v lesni proizvodnji

Kropivšek¹,

Mokorel²,

Jošt³

2016

Acta Silvae et Ligni

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“…In our study, other critical phenological dates of phloem formation, including the date of maximal cell production, also preceded those of xylem. Previous research has likewise shown that the phloem and xylem formation phases are not synchronised (Gričar et al 2014). In the temperate region, for instance, the highest rate of phloem cell production of Norway spruce was detected 2-6 weeks earlier than that of xylem (Gričar et al 2014).…”

Section: Phloem Production and Structural Developmentmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Previous research has likewise shown that the phloem and xylem formation phases are not synchronised (Gričar et al 2014). In the temperate region, for instance, the highest rate of phloem cell production of Norway spruce was detected 2-6 weeks earlier than that of xylem (Gričar et al 2014). We found that a few phloem derivatives remained in undifferentiated stage during late autumn and winter.…”

Section: Phloem Production and Structural Developmentmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…In general, our knowledge of the seasonal processes of phloem formation in Norway spruce is limited (e.g. Gričar et al 2014), partly owing to the difficulties of observing fragile phloem structures, which often require time-consuming specimen preparation for electron microscopy or use of new imaging techniques (van Bel 2003;Spicer 2014;Truernit 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal variation in formation, structure, and chemical properties of phloem in Picea abies as studied by novel microtechniques

Jyske

Suuronen

Pranovich

et al. 2015

Planta

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Phloem production and structural development were interlinked with seasonal variation in the primary and secondary metabolites of phloem. Novel microtechniques provided new perspectives on understanding phloem structure and chemistry. To gain new insights into phloem formation in Norway spruce (Picea abies), we monitored phloem cell production and seasonal variation in the primary and secondary metabolites of inner bark (non-structural carbohydrates and phenolic stilbene glucosides) during the 2012 growing season in southern and northern Finland. The structure of developing phloem was visualised in 3D by synchrotron X-ray microtomography. The chemical features of developing phloem tissues isolated by laser microdissection were analysed by chemical microanalysis. Within-year phloem formation was associated with seasonal changes in non-structural carbohydrates and phenolic extractive contents of inner bark. The onset of phloem cell production occurred in early and mid-May in southern and northern Finland, respectively. The maximal rate of phloem production and formation of a tangential band of axial phloem parenchyma occurred in mid-June, when total non-structural carbohydrates peaked (due to the high amount of starch). In contrast, soluble sugar content dropped during the most active growth period and increased in late summer and winter. The 3D visualisation showed that the new axial parenchyma clearly enlarged from June to August. Sub-cellular changes appeared to be associated with accumulation of stilbene glucosides and soluble sugars in the newest phloem. Stilbene glucosides also increased in inner bark during late summer and winter. Our findings may indicate that stilbene biosynthesis in older phloem predominantly occurs after the formation of the new band(s) of axial parenchyma. The complementary use of novel microtechniques provides new perspectives on the formation, structure, and chemistry of phloem.

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“…After rinsing with water, the microsections were stained with 1% safranin and 1% astra blue (the staining solution was mixed in a ratio of 1:1) for at least 5 min. Thereafter, the microsections were rinsed with water, gradually dehydrated in ethanol (75 and 96%, respectively), and mounted in a drop of Euparal mounting medium beneath a coverslip according to standard protocol (Gričar et al 2014). The slides were examined with an Axio Lab.A1 microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Jena, Germany).…”

Section: Light Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

The onset of hazel wood formation in Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) stems

Račko

Kačík

Mišíková

et al. 2018

Annals of Forest Science

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Key message Fungal infection was outlined as a potential reason for the onset of indented annual growth ring formation during the juvenile phase of hazel wood growth. Annual growth ring indentations resulted from the formation of disturbed zones which originated solely in close proximity to leaf traces. Context Hazel wood is an abnormal type of woody tissue that is formed as a result of exogenous stimuli that may trigger long-term responses in the cambium. Cambial responses produce anatomical alterations in the surrounding xylem tissue that can be observed as an indentation of annual growth rings. The chemical profiles of lignan hydroxymatairesinol may provide an indication of its possible role in the protection of a living tree against the spread of a fungal or microbial infection at the onset of indentation. Aims The objectives of this study were to reveal the anatomical differences in the altered woody tissue of Picea abies hazel wood at both the onset and the later stages of annual growth ring indentation and to determine the chemical profiles for hydroxymatairesinol upon elicitation by a fungal infection in the disturbed zones. Methods Light and scanning electron microscopy observations were carried out on radial, tangential, and cross sections of hazel wood zones separated from P. abies stems. Concentrations of hydroxymatairesinol were determined for both the disturbed zones and the non-indented zones using a gradient high-performance liquid chromatography. Results The formation of disturbed zones was accompanied by significant changes in both the direction and width of the tracheids which produced an abnormal formation of intertwined and twisted tracheids. Fungal hyphae, radial cell wall cracks, and unusually large cross-field pitting were all found in the tracheids of the disturbed zones. Conclusion The content of hydroxymatairesinol in the acetone extract determined from the disturbed zones was 3.4 times greater than that present in the non-disturbed tissues. By means of vascular dysfunction in the leaf traces, host trees responded to the fungal infection by plugging the lumens of conductive leaf trace tissue and filling the vascular pathway with polyphenolic compound deposits.

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Plastic and locally adapted phenology in cambial seasonality and production of xylem and phloem cells in Picea abies from temperate environments

Cited by 88 publications

References 47 publications

Stanje in razvoj kompetenc zaposlenih v lesni proizvodnji

Stanje in razvoj kompetenc zaposlenih v lesni proizvodnji

Seasonal variation in formation, structure, and chemical properties of phloem in Picea abies as studied by novel microtechniques

The onset of hazel wood formation in Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) stems

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