Plastic Optical Fibers: An Introduction to Their Technological Processes and Applications

Zubía, Joseba; Arrué, J.

doi:10.1006/ofte.2000.0355

Cited by 451 publications

(280 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…PMMA has been the most predominate polymer employed to date for optical purposes and has been shown to be a suitable medium for certain rare-earth (RE) ion ligand complexes [3] that generate light. While the higher attenuation of polymers, relative to inorganic glasses (e.g., silica optical fiber), limits their use to distances of less than about 1 km [4], there are still many applications for light emissive polymer fibers, films, and coatings.…”

Section: Optically-active Polymer Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rare-earth solution of La(NO 3 ) 3 · 6H 2 O (9 mmol) and Tb(NO 3 ) 3 · 6H 2 O (2 mmol) in 16 mL of solvent, water and methanol respectively, was prepared at room temperature. NH 4 OH was added to the rare-earth solution in water to adjust the solution to pH 8. The pH of the methanol solution was not adjusted.…”

Section: Nanoparticle Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The volume ratio of water/ASA was 40:1. NH 4 OH was added to the suspension to adjust the solution to pH 8. The suspension was stirred for 2 h at 70 °C.…”

Section: (A) (B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Synthesis Parameters on Particle Size and Photoluminescence Characteristics of Ligand Capped Tb3+:LaF3

et al. 2011

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Organic ligand surface-treated Tb 3+ :LaF 3 was synthesized in water and methanol for subsequent incorporation into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) via solution-precipitation chemistry in order to produce optically active polymer nanocomposites. Nanoparticle agglomerate diameters ranged from 388 ± 188 nm when synthesized in water and 37 ± 2 nm when synthesized in methanol. Suspension stability is paramount for producing optically transparent materials. Methanol nanoparticle synthesized at a pH of 3 exhibited the smallest agglomerate size. Optical spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and zeta potential analysis were used to characterize the particles synthesized.

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Section: Optically-active Polymer Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nanoparticle Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Synthesis Parameters on Particle Size and Photoluminescence Characteristics of Ligand Capped Tb3+:LaF3

et al. 2011

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“…1 To obtain low refractive index polymers, theoretically, there are two approaches based upon the Lorentz-Lorenz equation (Equation 1). 2 This equation is described by the relationship between the refractive index (n D ), molecular volume (V) and molecular refraction (R).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched polymer consisting of silsesquioxane derivatives

Miyasaka

Fujiwara

Kudo

et al. 2010

Polym J

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Hyperbranched polysiloxanes were synthesized by polyhydrosilylation of silsesquioxane derivatives and vinyl derivatives in the presence of Karstedt's catalyst. The hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) with M n ¼5.2Â10 3 -9.8Â10 4 were soluble in common solvents and exhibited good thermal stability. HBPs based on double-decker-shaped silsesquioxane showed a large thermal-optical coefficient compared with the corresponding linear polymer. The refractive index values of the polymers obtained tended to decrease with the increasing structure size of the co-monomers.

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“…These properties are derived from the fundamental atomic properties of fluorine, such as high ionization potential, low polarizability and high electronegativity. 1 The high ionization potential, combined with the low polarizability, leads to weak intermolecular interactions, which in turn leads to low-surface energy and low refractive indices of fluorinated polymers. Recently, fluoropolymers have received considerable attention as high-performance materials for applications in optoelectronic fields.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of hyperbranched fluorinated polymers with controllable refractive indices

Miyasaka

Koike

Fujiwara

et al. 2011

Polym J

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INTRODUCTIONPolymers containing fluorine atoms (fluorinated polymers) exhibit increased thermal stability, hydrophobicity, improved chemical resistance and decreased intermolecular attractive forces in comparison with their hydrocarbon analogs. These properties are derived from the fundamental atomic properties of fluorine, such as high ionization potential, low polarizability and high electronegativity. 1 The high ionization potential, combined with the low polarizability, leads to weak intermolecular interactions, which in turn leads to low-surface energy and low refractive indices of fluorinated polymers. Recently, fluoropolymers have received considerable attention as high-performance materials for applications in optoelectronic fields. Specifically, the refractive index is a very important property of polymers for photonic applications, for which highly fluorinated polymers such as Teflon (DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA) and CYTOP (ASAHI GLASS CO., LTD., Tokyo, Japan) are well known and widely used in optical communication networks. Current optical communication networks are based on silica optical fiber and devices. To integrate with these devices and materials, and to reduce the optical loss, polymer materials with refractive index values close to that of the silica materials (1.46) are desired. 2 Therefore, materials with a controllable refractive index are required for the successful design and fabrication of photonic devices. For example, the widely used fluorinated polyimides usually have relatively low refractive indices 3 and this value can be easily manipulated by introducing polar groups and copolymerizing with comonomers containing heavier atoms, such as bromine to give high refractive indices. However, it appears difficult to lower the refractive index. We have modified fluoropolymers with the simple polyaddition of bis(epoxide)s with dicarboxylic acids and diols in the presence of quaternary onium salts and they exhibited a linear relationship between refractive indices and fluorine contents of the polymer. 4,5 Similar investigations have been conducted with fluorinated aromatic-aliphatic copolyethers, 6 fluorinated poly (phthalazinone ether)s 7 and hyperbranched fluorinated polyimides. 8 The relationship between the refractive index (n D ), density (r g cm À3 ), molecular weight (M g mol À1 ) and molecular refraction (R cm 3 mol À1 ) of a polymer is described by the Lorentz-Lorenz equation (Equation 1). 9According to the Lorentz-Lorenz equation, the polymers with low r give low n D . That is, hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) are good candidates for the production of low-density polymers because of their three dimensional globular architecture with higher branched structure. 10 Recent study has indicated that hyperbranched structures have an increasingly important role in reducing crystallinity, to avoid significant optical loss. For example, we have observed and reported that the HBPs show no birefringence due to their highly branched globular structure, preventing their polymer orientation. 11 On t...

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Plastic Optical Fibers: An Introduction to Their Technological Processes and Applications

Cited by 451 publications

References 24 publications

The Influence of Synthesis Parameters on Particle Size and Photoluminescence Characteristics of Ligand Capped Tb3+:LaF3

The Influence of Synthesis Parameters on Particle Size and Photoluminescence Characteristics of Ligand Capped Tb3+:LaF3

Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched polymer consisting of silsesquioxane derivatives

Synthesis of hyperbranched fluorinated polymers with controllable refractive indices

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