Plasticity and stability of visual field maps in adult primary visual cortex

Wandell, Brian A.; Smirnakis, Stelios M.

doi:10.1038/nrn2741

Cited by 196 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 125 publications

(166 reference statements)

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“…The brain matures in a sequential manner in which some circuits develop and stabilize while others remain capable of plastic change (51)(52)(53)(54). In this view, reading instruction should be delivered when the systems needed to learn .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of white matter and reading skills

Yeatman

Dougherty

Ben-Shachar

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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329

356

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White matter tissue properties are highly correlated with reading proficiency; we would like to have a model that relates the dynamics of an individual's white matter development to their acquisition of skilled reading. The development of cerebral white matter involves multiple biological processes, and the balance between these processes differs between individuals. Cross-sectional measures of white matter mask the interplay between these processes and their connection to an individual's cognitive development. Hence, we performed a longitudinal study to measure white-matter development (diffusion-weighted imaging) and reading development (behavioral testing) in individual children (age 7-15 y). The pattern of white-matter development differed significantly among children. In the left arcuate and left inferior longitudinal fasciculus, children with above-average reading skills initially had low fractional anisotropy (FA) that increased over the 3-y period, whereas children with belowaverage reading skills had higher initial FA that declined over time. We describe a dual-process model of white matter development comprising biological processes with opposing effects on FA, such as axonal myelination and pruning, to explain the pattern of results.R eading requires efficient communication within a network of visual, auditory, and language-processing regions that are separated by many centimeters. Hence, the white-matter fascicles that connect these regions are critical for proficient reading (1). Only in the last decade has it become possible to study the microstructural properties of the white matter in the living human brain, and only in recent years has there been an opportunity to trace the developmental progression of these fascicles systematically. During this decade it has been shown that learning to read is associated with corresponding changes in sensory and language circuits in the brain (2-5).Diffusion measurements of the white-matter pathways (3, 5-7) and neurological case studies (8, 9) suggest that in typical development and education both the left hemisphere arcuate fasciculus and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) carry signals important for reading. Studies in adults, adolescents, and schoolage children have reported differences between good and poor readers in white-matter volume and diffusion properties in the vicinity of these pathways (10-14). One possibility is that these differences are present from an early age, remain constant through development, and constrain children's aptitude for reading. An alternative possibility is that there is an interaction between the biological development and timing of instruction. Two case studies support this hypothesis. When damage to the arcuate fasciculus occurs at birth, normal reading skills can develop (15); when damage to the arcuate fasciculus occurs later, for example after reading instruction has begun, it can result in severe reading impairment (9). These cases suggest that learning depends on the circuits' current state and capacity for plasti...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of white matter and reading skills

Yeatman

Dougherty

Ben-Shachar

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

329

356

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“…Several studies report significant remapping in area V1 of patients suffering from macular degeneration and other retinal lesions (2-12). The extent of this remapping has recently been called into question, however (1,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Less is known about how the visual system remaps to cover the visual field after injury to area V1 or its input projection from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reorganization refers to long-term changes in the neuronal circuit (1) and generally requires the growth of new anatomic connections or a permanent change in the strength of existing connections. Several studies report significant remapping in area V1 of patients suffering from macular degeneration and other retinal lesions (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Population receptive field analysis of the primary visual cortex complements perimetry in patients with homonymous visual field defects

Papanikolaou

Keliris

Papageorgiou

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Injury to the primary visual cortex (V1) typically leads to loss of conscious vision in the corresponding, homonymous region of the contralateral visual hemifield (scotoma). Several studies suggest that V1 is highly plastic after injury to the visual pathways, whereas others have called this conclusion into question. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure area V1 population receptive field (pRF) properties in five patients with partial or complete quadrantic visual field loss as a result of partial V1+ or optic radiation lesions. Comparisons were made with healthy controls deprived of visual stimulation in one quadrant ["artificial scotoma" (AS)]. We observed no large-scale changes in spared-V1 topography as the V1/V2 border remained stable, and pRF eccentricity versus cortical-distance plots were similar to those of controls. Interestingly, three observations suggest limited reorganization: (i) the distribution of pRF centers in spared-V1 was shifted slightly toward the scotoma border in 2 of 5 patients compared with AS controls; (ii) pRF size in spared-V1 was slightly increased in patients near the scotoma border; and (iii) pRF size in the contralesional hemisphere was slightly increased compared with AS controls. Importantly, pRF measurements yield information about the functional properties of spared-V1 cortex not provided by standard perimetry mapping. In three patients, spared-V1 pRF maps overlapped significantly with dense regions of the perimetric scotoma, suggesting that pRF analysis may help identify visual field locations amenable to rehabilitation. Conversely, in the remaining two patients, spared-V1 pRF maps failed to cover sighted locations in the perimetric map, indicating the existence of V1-bypassing pathways able to mediate useful vision.cortical blindness | quadrantanopia | plasticity | retinotopy | hemianopia C ortical damage of the visual pathway often results from posterior or middle cerebral artery infarcts, hemorrhages, and other brain injuries. The most common visual cortex lesions involve the primary visual cortex (V1), the chief relayer of visual information to higher visual areas. Damage to area V1 or its primary inputs leads to the loss of conscious vision in the corresponding region of the contralateral visual hemifield, producing a dense contralateral scotoma that often covers a hemifield (hemianopia) or a single visual field quadrant (quadrantanopia).A much-debated issue is whether the adult V1 is able to reorganize after injury. Reorganization refers to long-term changes in the neuronal circuit (1) and generally requires the growth of new anatomic connections or a permanent change in the strength of existing connections. Several studies report significant remapping in area V1 of patients suffering from macular degeneration and other retinal lesions (2-12). The extent of this remapping has recently been called into question, however (1,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Less is known about how the visual system remaps to cover the visual field after injury to a...

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“…An additional variable that could underlie the differences in activation is the age at which the MD began, so juvenile MD could be more likely to result in reorganisation than AMD. These issues have been recently reviewed in detail 31,32 . It would clearly be very useful to determine whether any activation in the foveal confluence is in V1 rather than V2 or V3, an example in which the stria of Gennari may be a useful marker.…”

Section: Macular Degenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the visual brain: how and why

Bridge

2010

Eye

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Over the past 15 years, techniques for identifying visual areas using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in human subjects have been applied widely to multiple populations. This review will cover the basic techniques of using functional MRI and very high-resolution structural MRI to determine boundaries between different areas of the visual cortex. Recent applications of these methods to ophthalmological patient populations are discussed, and the future potential applications of very high field strength MRI are considered.

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Plasticity and stability of visual field maps in adult primary visual cortex

Cited by 196 publications

References 125 publications

Development of white matter and reading skills

Development of white matter and reading skills

Population receptive field analysis of the primary visual cortex complements perimetry in patients with homonymous visual field defects

Mapping the visual brain: how and why

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