Plasticity of Behavioral and Growth Responses to Two Feeding Regimes and Implications for the Domestication of Steelhead Trout

Abstract

The effects of domestication selection on fitness are of serious concern in hatchery‐reared anadromous salmonids, which often experience selection for rapid growth and associated deviations from natural agonistic and feeding behaviors. The high rations that are used to raise age‐1 smolts and the reduced rations that are used to produce age‐2 smolts potentially result in very different behavioral tactics and social dynamics of competition in hatchery tanks. Consequently, steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss hatchery programs with recovery or conservation goals may need to change their aquaculture practices to minimize domestication selection. This study investigated how the feeding rate (proportion of presented food items that were successfully captured) and relative competitive ability (ability to monopolize food items in small groups) of age‐1 and age‐2 steelhead corresponded to feeding location (surface or bottom) and growth rate in hatchery rearing tanks. We raised steelhead from a common broodstock to smolt at age 1 or age 2 by manipulating their rations (age‐1 fish received the high ration, age‐2 the low ration). The fish in the age‐1 treatment had a lower feeding rate than did those in the age‐2 treatment. Feeding rate was positively correlated with both body size and with growth rate in the rearing tanks at both rations. The age‐2 steelhead were more likely to be detected at a single feeding location than were the age‐1 fish, which were more frequently detected at both locations. The more competitive age‐1 fish were more frequently detected at both feeding locations, and the less competitive fish were detected at only one location. Relative competitive ability was not associated with feeding location in the age‐2 treatment, nor was it associated with growth rate in either treatment. Age‐2 steelhead that were detected only at the bottom or at both feeding locations had higher growth rates than those that were detected only at the surface, suggesting greater scramble competition near the point of food delivery under the restricted ration. Feeding location was not associated with growth rate in the age‐1 treatment. The results indicate that ration directly affects feeding rate and that ration and relative competitive ability interact to influence feeding rate. Because feeding rate was positively associated with growth rate at both ration levels in the hatchery tanks, behaviors that are associated with feeding motivation may be an important trait under selection in salmonid hatcheries.