Pleiotrophin is an abundant protein in dissociative extracts of bovine fetal epiphyseal cartilage and nasal cartilage from newborns

Neame, Peter J.; Young, Carmen N.; Brock, Charles; Treep, James T.; Ganey, Timothy; Sasse, Joachim; Rosenberg, Lawrence

doi:10.1002/jor.1100110403

Cited by 34 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Differences in pleiotrophin expression exist between fetal cartilage with high levels and mature cartilage with low levels (Neame et al, 1993;Azizan et al, 2000). It would be of interest to assess the level of pleiotrophin expression in the rapidly growing antler to ascertain if there are differences as the antler grows and matures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin in deer antler

2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Deer antlers represent a unique model of mammalian regeneration in that they cast and fully regenerate every year. The deer antler thus provides a fascinating model of both rapid angiogenesis and chondrogenesis and the opportunity to investigate unique growth regulatory processes. One such phenomenon is the presence of vascularized cartilage in the growing antler tip-unlike other cartilage, which is typically avascular. The mechanisms by which blood vessels grow in the cartilage as well as the factors that drive antler extension at approximately 1 cm a day have been hitherto largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin within the growing antler tip. We isolated cervine VEGF121 and VEGF165 from deer antler and found that mRNA is produced for VEGF in the precartilage and cartilage regions. By in situ hybridization, we examined whether the VEGF receptors Flt-1 and KDR are present in deer antler and found only KDR mRNA within the endothelial cells of the precartilage region. This finding is compatible with VEGF having an angiogenic effect within antler. Pleiotrophin mRNA was found in the vascular smooth muscle cells of the dermis, thus supporting a possible role in vascular growth. High levels of pleiotrophin mRNA were also detected in the precartilage region with possible implications for both angiogenesis and chondrogenesis. This is the first report of cervine angiogenic growth factors within the growing antler tip. Anat Rec Part A, 288A: 1281-1293, 2006. 2006 Key words: angiogenesis; cartilage; chondrogenesis; endothelial Systems where growth occurs at an astonishing rate such as the placenta, embryo, and deer antler can give important insights into the mechanisms involved in angiogenesis. Deer antlers are unique mammalian appendages in that they have an annual cycle of regeneration. During regeneration, the cartilage, skin, nerves, and blood vessels of the antler must grow at a rapid rate. This full regrowth occurs under conditions of low testosterone and high plasma IGF-1 during spring (Li et al., 2003). Antler grows at varying rates in different species, with growth rates reaching 12.5 mm/day in sika deer (Gao and Li, 1988), 27.5 mm/day in moose (Goss, 1970), and approximately 10 mm/day in red deer (Fennessy et al., 1991). Antler growth is driven from the tip, which consists of dermis, mesenchyme, precartilage, and the cartilage that transforms to bone and that then progressively calcifies within the antler (Fig. 1). Antlerogenic stem cells have been found to be concentrated in the reserve mesenchyme underlying the dermis (Li et al., 2002(Li et al., , 2005a. Cells from the reserve mesenchyme divide and differentiate, thus contributing chondroblasts to the precartilage region, where progressive maturation occurs. The cartilage zone contains columns of chondrocytes and large parallel vascular channels, which give a red appearance. In the region shown as the remodeling zone (Fig. 1) THE ANATOMICAL RECORD PART A 288A: 1281-1293 (2006) expand at a rapi...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin in deer antler

2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…HARP is also expressed in the uterus (3), cartilage (4), and bone extracts (5). Several reports have established a strong correlation between HARP expression and tumor growth and angiogenesis (6 -8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide Signaling in Human Endothelial Cells

Polykratis

Katsoris

Courty

et al. 2005

Journal of Biological Chemistry

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Heparin affin regulatory peptide (HARP) is an 18-kDa secreted growth factor that has a high affinity for heparin and a potent role on tumor growth and angiogenesis. We have previously reported that HARP is mitogenic for different types of endothelial cells and also affects cell migration and differentiation (12). In this study we examined the signaling pathways involved in the migration and tube formation on matrigel of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) induced by HARP. We report for the first time that receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase ␤/ (RPTP␤/), which is a receptor for HARP in neuronal cell types, is also expressed in HU-VEC. We also document that HARP signaling through RPTP␤/ leads to activation of Src kinase, focal adhesion kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Erk1/2. Sodium orthovanadate, chondroitin sulfate-C, PP1, wortmannin, LY294002, and U0126 inhibit HARP-mediated signaling and HUVEC migration and tube formation. In addition, RPTP␤/ suppression using small interfering RNA technology interrupts intracellular signals and HUVEC migration and tube formation induced by HARP. These results establish the role of RPTP␤/ as a receptor of HARP in HUVEC and elucidate the HARP signaling pathway in endothelial cells.

show abstract

“…This polypeptide is a member of a new family of heparin-binding growth factors including the midkine (MK) (Kadomatsu et al 1988) and its chicken homologue, called retinoic acid-induced heparin binding (RI-HB) factor (Raulais et al 1991). Initially isolated from neonatal rat brain as a molecule that induced neurite outgrowth of embryonic neurons (Rauvala 1989), this polypeptide was also shown to be present in non-neuronal tissues, including heart (Hampton et al 1992), uterus (Milner et al 1989), cartilage (Neame et al 1993), and bone (Zhou et al 1992) extracts. In addition to its role during neuronal development, several studies have shown that HARP was able to induce the proliferation of epithelial, fibroblast, and endothelial cells (Li et al 1990;Courty et al 1991;Fang et al 1992) and to stimulate in vitro the characteristic processes of angiogenesis (Laaroubi et al 1994).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Distribution of the Angiogenic Factor Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide (HARP) mRNA and Protein in the Human Mammary Gland

Ledoux

Caruelle

Sabourin

et al. 1997

J Histochem Cytochem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYThe heparin affin regulatory peptide (HARP) growth factor, also known as pleiotrophin, is a developmentally regulated protein that displays biological functions during cell growth and differentiation. To study the physiological role of this protein, we investigated the cellular distribution of HARP mRNA and protein in the resting human mammary gland. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that HARP mRNA was localized in alveolar myoepithelial cells, whereas alveolar epithelial cells were negative. In the stroma, HARP mRNA was localized in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels. Interestingly, HARP protein and mRNA were not always co-localized. HARP protein immunocytochemistry staining was observed in an area including both alveolar myoepithelial and epithelial cells, although epithelial cells do not express HARP transcript. In contrast, the distribution of HARP protein is parallel to that of HARP mRNA in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. In the light of these results, the putative role of HARP in controlling the proliferation and/or differentiation of the different mammary cell types is proposed and discussed. (

show abstract

Pleiotrophin is an abundant protein in dissociative extracts of bovine fetal epiphyseal cartilage and nasal cartilage from newborns

Cited by 34 publications

References 20 publications

Expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin in deer antler

Expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin in deer antler

Characterization of Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide Signaling in Human Endothelial Cells

Cellular Distribution of the Angiogenic Factor Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide (HARP) mRNA and Protein in the Human Mammary Gland

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About