Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children

Abstract

Background Prior to introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), Streptococcus pneumoniae was most commonly isolated from middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media (AOM). Reducing nasopharyngeal colonisation of this bacterium by PCVs may lead to a decline in AOM. The effects of PCVs deserve ongoing monitoring since studies from the post-PCV era report a shift in causative otopathogens towards non-vaccine serotypes and other bacteria. This updated Cochrane Review was first published in 2002 and updated in 2004, 2009, and 2014. The review title was changed (to include the population, i.e. children) for this update. Objectives To assess the effect of PCVs in preventing AOM in children up to 12 years of age.

Importance of Virulence Factors for the Persistence of Oral Bacteria in the Inflamed Gingival Crevice and in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease

“…The formation of an anti-phagocytic capsule is a well-known virulence strategy of many pathogenic microorganisms. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influence are exclusively dependent on capsule formation and vaccination of children towards their capsular antigens is today a reality [103,104]. Capsules are produced by many Gram-negative anaerobic rods, e.g., Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas [105,106].…”

Population-based otoscopic and audiometric assessment of a birth cohort recruited for a pneumococcal vaccine trial 15–18 years earlier: a protocol

“…The sample sizes of previously published randomised controlled pneumococcal conjugate vaccine trials have been clearly summarised by a recently published Cochrane Review. 19 Our cohort of over 12 000 children to be assessed likely would be lowered since attrition might occur due to inability to locate the families due to relocation or immigration after 15–18 years, as well as parental refusal to participate. Regardless, the biggest pneumococcal vaccine trials were published by Black et al in 2000 20–22 and Tregnaghi et al 23 involving 37 868 and 24 000 subjects, respectively.…”

Otitis media outcomes of a combined 10-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule at 1-2-4-6 months: PREVIX_COMBO, a 3-arm randomised controlled trial

“…The RRR was around 20% for pneumococcal AOM and 10% for recurrent AOM. The effect of a pre-cursor to PHiD-CV10, PD-11Pn, on all-cause AOM was 34% in healthy infants [ 14 ]. In the Northern Territory the childhood vaccination schedule transitioned through three PCVs over the period 7-valent PCV7 (2001 to 2009), ten-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugated vaccine, PHiD-CV10 (2009 to 2011), and 13-valent PCV13 (from 2011) (see Table 1 and below for PCV13 and PHiD-CV10 formulations).…”

“…The Cochrane review of PCVs in the prevention of all-cause acute otitis media was updated during the course of this RCT. RCTs of new PCVs including PHiD-CV10 were underway (including this RCT) and therefore not able to be included [ 14 ]. Our RCT was the only study proposing to evaluate a combination of PCVs within the primary series.…”