Pneumonia Incidence and Mortality in Mainland China: Systematic Review of Chinese and English Literature, 1985–2008

Guan, Xiaohong; Silk, Benjamin J.; Li, Wenkai; Fleischauer, Aaron; Xing, Xuesen; Jiang, Xiaoqing; Yu, Hongjie; Olsen, Sonja J.; Cohen, Adam L.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011721

Cited by 56 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…By comparison, the incidence of pneumonia and acute respiratory infections is quite low in developed countries [10]. It is reported that the incidence of childhood pneumonia is only 0.02% to 0.38% episodes per child-year among children <5 years old in Norway, USA, Finland, Scotland and UK [11][12][13][14], while it was reported that to be 6%-27% episodes per childe-year among children <5 years in China [9]. The same conclusions were found by Rudan et al [3] that the incidence estimated to be 0.29 episodes per child-year in developing and 0.05 episodes per child-year in developed countries among children<5 years.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Zhang [8] reviewed the literature on childhood pneumonia in China and found that the incidence of pneumonia for children <5 years old was 26.5% (95% CI: 26.3%-26.7%) south of the Yangtze River, and 8.4% (95% CI: 8.2%-8.7%) north of Yangtze River. Zhang [8] and Guan et al [9] found no significant differences in childhood pneumonia incidence between the West and East of China. By comparison, the incidence of pneumonia and acute respiratory infections is quite low in developed countries [10].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In Nanjing, people mainly live in apartments without burning bio-mass or coal. However, the existing literature indicates that the incidence of childhood pneumonia is much higher in cities in China than in developed countries [9,15]. The aim of this study was to characterize those indoor aspects of modern Chinese homes that are associated with childhood pneumonia especially to investigate the effect of pollutants generated by modern Chinese homes to childhood pneumonia.…”

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Home risk factors for childhood pneumonia in Nanjing, China

et al. 2013

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Pneumonia is a major cause of childhood morbidity in China. Many studies of rural areas have found an association between pneumonia and air pollution from burning of bio-mass. The present study is of children living in urban, modern homes without burning of bio-mass. In order to investigate potential home risk factors associated with children's pneumonia, China Child Home Health (CCHH) questionnaires were randomly distributed to parents of 6461 children in 23 kindergartens in all 11 districts of Nanjing, covering urban, suburban, and industrial areas. The 4014 valid questionnaires (response rate 65.7%) were returned and have been analyzed. The lifetime incidence of pneumonia in Nanjing children 1-8 years old is 26.7%. The incidence of croup, asthma and frequent common colds was strongly associated with pneumonia, as was a history of allergies in the family, and persons other than parents (for example grandparents or nanny) taking care of the child. Several home environmental factors, namely, dampness, lack of ventilation, using coal or natural gas (electricity as reference) for cooking, new furniture, and "modern" floor and wall covering materials were also significantly associated with pneumonia. The indoor environment typical of modern apartments in China was a risk factor for pneumonia among children.ventilation, dampness, life style, pneumonia

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Home risk factors for childhood pneumonia in Nanjing, China

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“…17 Early diagnosis of severe pneumonia can enable patients to receive immediate medical attention by transferral to the ICU for further treatment, 18 and appropriate early intervention may improve their outcomes. 19 However, blindly depending on clinical presentations, routine examinations, and scoring systems may substantially reduce the accuracy of predicting the outcomes of severe pneumonia in patients, delaying treatment.…”

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Predicting the Outcomes of Subjects With Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia Using Monocyte Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR

Zhuang

Wang

et al. 2015

Respir Care

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BACKGROUND:The objective was to study the level of monocyte-human leukocyte antigen-DR (mHLA-DR), an immune function-related biomarker, at 24 h after admission, to predict the outcomes of subjects with severe pneumonia. METHODS: Subjects with severe community-acquired pneumonia (n ‫؍‬ 102) were included in the study. Blood samples were collected from each subject 24 h after admission. Data regarding age, sex, P aO 2 /F IO 2 , comorbidities, occurrence of altered mental status, bacteremia, septic shock, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score within the first 24 h; the highest temperature within 24 h after admission; mechanical ventilation usage; timing of antibiotic therapy; ICU stay; and 28-d survival were collected. Expression of mHLA-DR was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: APACHE II score and SOFA score were significantly higher (P < .001), whereas the mHLA-DR expression was significantly lower (P < .001) in the non-survivors than in the survivors. The outcomes at day 28 after admission were significantly associated with the APACHE II score (P ‫؍‬ .002, odds ratio [OR] ‫؍‬ 1.27, 95% CI 1.10 -1.48), the SOFA score (P ‫؍‬ .003, OR ‫؍‬ 1.52, 95% CI 1.15-2.00), and mHLA-DR level (P ‫؍‬ .01, OR ‫؍‬ 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.98), as shown by logistic regression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.877 (95% CI 0.81-0.94, P < .001), 0.862 (95% CI 0.79 -0.93, P < .001), and 0.781 (95% CI 0.69 -0.87, P < .001) for APACHE II score, SOFA score, and the mHLA-DR expression, respectively. The optimal threshold for mHLA-DR level was 27.2%. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that subjects with mHLA-DR > 27.2% had significantly better outcomes compared with < 27.2% level (P < .001, log rank test, hazard ratio ‫؍‬ 0.963, 95% CI 0.94 -0.99). CONCLUSIONS: mHLA-DR may be a reliable biomarker that can predict the outcomes of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia, and 27.2% may be the cut-off value to predict the outcomes.

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“…13 Data for persons 65 years of age and older were taken from a previously published local analysis. 23 …”

Section: Disease Incidence and Case Fatality Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated public health impact of nationwide vaccination of infants with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in China

Hu¹,

Shi²,

Chen³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Pneumonia Incidence and Mortality in Mainland China: Systematic Review of Chinese and English Literature, 1985–2008

Cited by 56 publications

References 26 publications

Home risk factors for childhood pneumonia in Nanjing, China

Home risk factors for childhood pneumonia in Nanjing, China

Predicting the Outcomes of Subjects With Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia Using Monocyte Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR

Estimated public health impact of nationwide vaccination of infants with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in China

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