Polar organic matter in airborne particles: chemical characterization and mutagenic activity

Toxic evaluation of organic extracts from airborne particulate matter in Puerto Rico.

“…The similarity in toxicity between DCM and acetone extracts follows the same pattern observed with the mutagenic tests previously reported for this material (28). The increase in toxicity of the nonpolar extract can be explained by the formation of toxic metabolites of organic compounds inherent in this reference material.…”

“…Furthermore, PM1OO concentrations from Fajardo were always lower than those from Guaynabo. Hence, the major profile of particles at the urban site is between 10 and 100 pm ( Figure 3 (28). Furthermore, the mutagenic activity of the reference material was 3-4 times higher than that of airborne partides collected from a New Jersey site (27).…”

“…Results from this research indicate that semipolar and polar fractions exhibit the greatest toxicologic activity using the Ames test (15)(16)(17), sister chromatid exchange assay (17), and a human cell mutagenic assay (14). Organic compounds such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic aromatic compounds have been targeted for these assays.…”

Differing estrogen activities in the organic phase of air particulate matter collected during sunny and foggy weather in a Chinese city detected by a recombinant yeast bioassay

“…Under specific humidity, temperature and dilution conditions, a large number of fine particles or ultrafine particles were formed (Shi and Harrison, 1999). The organic fraction of urban airborne particulate material has been evaluated with regard to the mutagenic and genotoxic activity of the compound found in various extracts (Hannigan et al, 1998;Gundel et al, 1993). In both PM 2.5 and fog waters, the average concentrations of combined organic compounds were generally 4-5 times higher than those of free forms of inorganic compounds (Zhang and Anastasio, 2003).…”

Inhibition of progesterone receptor activity in recombinant yeast by soot from fossil fuel combustion emissions and air particulate materials

“…Motor vehicle exhaust has been found to be mutagenic in the Ames assay (Courtois et al, 1993;Song and Ye, 1995) and to cause lung tumors in rats chronically exposed to diesel exhaust (Muto et al, 1996) by a mechanism which may involve DNA adduct formation (Gallagher et al, 1993). The organic fraction of urban airborne particulate matter has been tested to exhibit toxicologic activity by using the Ames test (Gundel et al, 1993), sister chromatid exchange assay (Tuonimen et al, 1988) and a human cell mutagenic cell (Hannigan et al, 1998).…”