Polarization and Corrosion Studies of Porous and Solid Anodes for Implantable Power-Generating Electrodes

Derosa, Joseph; Beard, Richard B.; Carim, Hatim M.; Dubin, Stephen

doi:10.1109/tbme.1973.324286

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…An additional difficulty with using an electrochemical surface area, particularly for a porous electrode, is that the surface area available to support charge injection depends on both the magnitude of the imposed current and pulse width. This is due to the effect of pore resistance and the associated time constant for accessing the electrode surface area within the pore structure (DeRosa et al 1973, Cogan 2008). While increasing electrochemical surface area will result in some increase in the reversible charge-injection capacity of an electrode calculated with the geometric surface area, the charge per phase experienced by the tissue will remain unchanged.…”

Section: Electrochemical Versus Geometric Surface Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue damage thresholds during therapeutic electrical stimulation

Cogan

Ludwig

Welle³

et al. 2016

J. Neural Eng.

293

282

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Objective Recent initiatives in bioelectronic modulation of the nervous system by the NIH (SPARC), DARPA (ElectRx, SUBNETS) and the GlaxoSmithKline Bioelectronic Medicines effort are ushering in a new era of therapeutic electrical stimulation. These novel therapies are prompting a re-evaluation of established electrical thresholds for stimulation-induced tissue damage. Approach In this review, we explore what is known and unknown in published literature regarding tissue damage from electrical stimulation. Main results For macroelectrodes, the potential for tissue damage is often assessed by comparing the intensity of stimulation, characterized by the charge density and charge per phase of a stimulus pulse, with a damage threshold identified through histological evidence from in vivo experiments as described by the Shannon equation. While the Shannon equation has proved useful in assessing the likely occurrence of tissue damage, the analysis is limited by the experimental parameters of the original studies. Tissue damage is influenced by factors not explicitly incorporated into the Shannon equation, including pulse frequency, duty cycle, current density, and electrode size. Microelectrodes in particular do not follow the charge per phase and charge density co-dependence reflected in the Shannon equation. The relevance of these factors to tissue damage is framed in the context of available reports from modeling and in vivo studies. Significance It is apparent that emerging applications, especially with microelectrodes, will require clinical charge densities that exceed traditional damage thresholds. Experimental data show that stimulation at higher charge densities can be achieved without causing tissue damage, suggesting that safety parameters for microelectrodes might be distinct from those defined for macroelectrodes. However, these increased charge densities may need to be justified by bench, non-clinical or clinical testing to provide evidence of device safety.

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Section: Electrochemical Versus Geometric Surface Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue damage thresholds during therapeutic electrical stimulation

Cogan

Ludwig

Welle³

et al. 2016

J. Neural Eng.

293

282

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“…Thus for Zn approximately 52g is needed to supply energy over a ten year period, 40g being consumed as useful energy and 12g being lost by way of corrosion, and not converted into usable energy. The efficiency has therefore been defined as the ratio of the faradaic weight loss to the faradaic weight loss plus the weight loss due to corrosion which gives for Zn efficiencies of 73-~78% (23). Roy et al (22), in their in viva studies o f zinc u n d e r various load conditions defined the efficiency as the ratio of the actual life to expected life.…”

Section: Table II Comparison Of/corr Of Anodic Materials Under No Loa...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion and Histopathological Studies on Anode Materials for Implantable Power Sources

Beard¹,

Carim²,

Dubin³

et al. 1974

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Pacemakers and biotelemeters are being powered by implantable hybridKey words: in rive corrosion, aluminum, zinc, magnesium AZ31B, biocompatibility. ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 138.251.14.35 Downloaded on 2015-05-23 to IP ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 138.251.14.35 Downloaded on 2015-05-23 to IP

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“…This further leads to the reduction of health care costs of the overall population. These implantable bioelectronics range from organ and neuro-stimulators [ 3 ] and regeneration devices [ 4 ], pacemakers [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], drug delivery devices [ 8 , 9 ], sensors [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], and activation circuits that monitor orthopedic implants [ 13 ]. These implantable devices could someday be powered by implantable power sources.…”

Section: Introductionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion Protection of Al/Au/ZnO Anode for Hybrid Cell Application

Slaughter

Stevens

2015

Membranes

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Effective protection of power sources from corrosion is critical in the development of abiotic fuel cells, biofuel cells, hybrid cells and biobateries for implantable bioelectronics. Corrosion of these bioelectronic devices result in device inability to generate bioelectricity. In this paper Al/Au/ZnO was considered as a possible anodic substrate for the development of a hybrid cell. The protective abilities of corrosive resistant aluminum hydroxide and zinc phosphite composite films formed on the surface of Al/Au/ZnO anode in various electrolyte environments were examined by electrochemical methods. The presence of phosphate buffer and physiological saline (NaCl) buffer allows for the formation of aluminum hyrdroxide and zinc phosphite composite films on the surface of the Al/Au/ZnO anode that prevent further corrosion of the anode. The highly protective films formed on the Al/Au/ZnO anode during energy harvesting in a physiological saline environment resulted in 98.5% corrosion protective efficiency, thereby demonstrating that the formation of aluminum hydroxide and zinc phosphite composite films are effective in the prevention of anode corrosion during energy harvesting. A cell assembly consisting of the Al/Au/ZnO anode and platinum cathode resulted in an open circuit voltage of 1.03 V. A maximum power density of 955.3 μW/ cm2 in physiological saline buffer at a cell voltage and current density of 345 mV and 2.89 mA/ cm2, respectively.

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Polarization and Corrosion Studies of Porous and Solid Anodes for Implantable Power-Generating Electrodes

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Tissue damage thresholds during therapeutic electrical stimulation

Tissue damage thresholds during therapeutic electrical stimulation

Corrosion and Histopathological Studies on Anode Materials for Implantable Power Sources

Corrosion Protection of Al/Au/ZnO Anode for Hybrid Cell Application

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