Polarography of carbon suspensions

Electrode–particle impacts: a users guide

“…Similar observations were later made by Jones and Kaye. 26 , who investigated the undamped response and observed large, sharp current spikes as a result of multiple simultaneous collisions of carbon particles taking place. The observed undamped polarogram is shown in Figure 2.…”

Characterization of electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrodes

“…It has been suggested that pretreatment introduces or alters the nature of functional groups on the electrode surface (8) and that such groups might serve as mediators of electrons between the electrode and the electroactive species (13). Quinone functionalities appear to be likely candidates as mediators, since there is substantial evidence suggesting the presence of such groups on oxidized carbon surfaces (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Alternatively, it had been proposed that on carbon paste electrodes, anodization causes the removal of organic pasting liquid from the carbon surface, rendering the electrode more hydrophilic and therefore more accessible to solution species (3).…”

Electrochemical pretreatment of glassy carbon electrodes

“…Chemical evidence presented in the 1950s suggested the existence of quinone, phenol, lactone, chromene, and carbonium groups on graphite (9,10). Polarography (11,12) and controlled-potential coulometry (13) of carbon suspensions resulted in the observation of a welldefined electrochemical process on the carbon surface, which was attributed to the reduction of a quinone group. Spectroscopic examinations using internal reflectance infrared spectrometry indicated the presence of carbonyl groups on the surface of graphite, with the possibility of a cyclic anhydride (14-16).…”