“…Thus, community responses to NYPD's stop-and-frisk activity may be inhibited if neighborhood-based organizations in minority communities are weak, limited in reach, or distanced from crime and safety issues (Skogan, 1988(Skogan, , 2012. Some have suggested that police activity itself can further weaken already low levels of informal, resident-based controls and collective efficacy, especially when residents perceive the police strategies to be ineffective, unjust, or targeting minorities (Kochel, 2012;Kubrin & Weitzer, 2003;Sargeant, Wickes, & Mazerolle, 2013;Silver & Miller, 2004). Some have suggested that police activity itself can further weaken already low levels of informal, resident-based controls and collective efficacy, especially when residents perceive the police strategies to be ineffective, unjust, or targeting minorities (Kochel, 2012;Kubrin & Weitzer, 2003;Sargeant, Wickes, & Mazerolle, 2013;Silver & Miller, 2004).…”