Poliomyelitis Vaccination with Live Poliovirus

Buser, F.; Şchär, M.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1961.04020060026003

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…(Table 4) The only lots that we can say with certainty were used in the Belgian Congo were pool 8 or 9 in Stanleyville and (Courtois et al 1958), in children in Sweden (Bottiger et al 1966;Gard et al 1959), in children in Switzerland (Buser & Schar 1961), in infants at Clinton Farms ) and probably in the Moorestown family trial conducted in Moorestown, New Jersey (Plotkin et al 1960a). Pool 13 was used in Le¨opoldville (Lebrun et al 1960), in children in Poland (Przesmycki et al 1959(Przesmycki et al , 1960 and in infants at Clinton Farms (Plotkin et al 1959).…”

Section: (B) Stanleyvillementioning

confidence: 99%

Untruths and consequences: the false hypothesis linking CHAT type 1 polio vaccination to the origin of human immunodeficiency virus

Plotkin

2001

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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A book published in 1999 hypothesized that the scientists who worked with the CHAT type 1 attenuated polio strain tested in the former Belgian Congo in the late 1950s had covertly prepared the vaccine in chimpanzee kidney cells contaminated with a simian immunode¢ciency virus, which evolved into HIV-1 group M. This paper summarizes the results of the investigation conducted by the author to determine the legitimacy of the accusation. Testimony by eyewitnesses, documents of the time, epidemiological analysis, and ancillary phylogenetic, virologic and PCR data all concur to reject the hypothesis as false and without factual foundation.

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Section: (B) Stanleyvillementioning

confidence: 99%

Untruths and consequences: the false hypothesis linking CHAT type 1 polio vaccination to the origin of human immunodeficiency virus

Plotkin

2001

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…Pools 10A-11 and 13 and pools 8 or 9 were administered in Stanleyville and some other towns in northeastern Congo during 1957. Pool 10A-11 was used in the campaign conducted in the Ruzizi Valley, in 200 children in Sweden [25,26], in Switzerland [27,28], in infants at Clinton Farms, New Jersey [29], and probably in the Moorestown family trial conducted in Moorestown, New Jersey [28]. Pool 13 was used in Léopoldville [30], in several thousand children in Poland [31,32], and in infants at Clinton Farms [29].…”

Section: Stanleyvillementioning

confidence: 99%

CHAT Oral Polio Vaccine Was Not the Source of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M for Humans

Gellin

Modlin

Plotkin

2001

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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A book published in 1999 hypothesized that the scientists who worked with the CHAT type 1 attenuated poliomyelitis strain, tested in the former Belgian Congo in the late 1950s, had covertly prepared the vaccine in chimpanzee kidney cells contaminated with a simian immunodeficiency virus, which evolved into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M. This article summarizes the results of the investigation conducted by the author to determine the legitimacy of the accusation. Testimony by eyewitnesses, historical documents of the time, epidemiological analysis, and analysis of ancillary phylogenetic, virological, and polymerase chain reaction data all indicate that this hypothesis is false.Poliomyelitis is rapidly disappearing from the world, thanks in large part to the widespread use of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) strains developed by Albert Sabin. The precursors of the Sabin strains were those developed by Hilary Koprowski, first at the Lederle Laboratories and then at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia. The results of the first administration of OPV to humans were published by Koprowski et al. in 1952 [1] and concerned the TN strain, later identified as type 2 poliovirus. A type 1 strain, called SM, was reported in 1954 [2], and its descendant, a virus called "CHAT" was reported in 1957 [3]. The latter strain concerns us here, for in 1999, a British journalist published a book called The River: A Journal to the Source of HIV and AIDS [4], which proposed the hypothesis that CHAT had been produced in cells from chimpanzees that were contaminated with the simian precursor of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) group M, the major agent of the AIDS epidemic. This article examines that hypothesis in detail.For a proper understanding of the events recalled in this article, the state of polio vaccine development in the late 1950s is germane. In the late 1950s, obtaining cultures of kidney cells from rhesus monkeys was routine, and commercial laboratories were selling trypsinized kidneys or monolayer cultures in glass bottles. The plaque technique of Dulbecco and Vogt had also come into general use, permitting for the first time cloning (in the old sense) of genetically distinct virus populations. (Therefore, whereas both the early TN type 2 and SM type 1 attenuated strains of Koprowski had been attenuated in rodents, the SM strain was then further attenuated by alternate passages in chick embryo and cultures of monkey kidney cells.) However, the SM strain appeared to be too neurovirulent [5,6], and a substrain called SM-N90 was passed 4 times serially in humans by oral administration of filtered fecal virus, isolated after replication in the intestine. After the fourth human passage, the virus was plaqued 4 times ("plaque purification") in cultures of monkey kidney cells, and the resultant strain was renamed CHAT, after the name of the baby in whom the last human passage had been made.The plaque passage history was shown in detail in Koprowski's article ( figure 1) [3] . The sequence of plaque passage was plaque 9 to plaque 13 to...

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“…After vaccination started in February, 1961, and up to four weeks after the end of Type 3 vaccination, as shown in Table 18 by week of occurrence, there were 11 cases of poliomyelitis, or an average of one case per week. Five of the cases were in vaccinees, occurring three, seven, and 11 days after Type 1, and two and 28 days after Type 3. Although viruses isolated from these cases are being studied, it is clear that no increase in polio followed vaccination.…”

Section: Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Results of Mass Immunization Against Poliomyelitis with Koprowski Strains of Attenuated Live Poliovirus

Plotkin¹

1962

Am J Public Health Nations Health

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Poliomyelitis Vaccination with Live Poliovirus

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

Untruths and consequences: the false hypothesis linking CHAT type 1 polio vaccination to the origin of human immunodeficiency virus

Untruths and consequences: the false hypothesis linking CHAT type 1 polio vaccination to the origin of human immunodeficiency virus

CHAT Oral Polio Vaccine Was Not the Source of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M for Humans

Recent Results of Mass Immunization Against Poliomyelitis with Koprowski Strains of Attenuated Live Poliovirus

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