Political Economy of Trade Remedies: A Study on the Application of Trade Policy Instruments in the Middle East

The Role of EU Trade Agreements in Light of the Sustainable Development Goals

“…Those countries that are more transparent in reporting their regulations appear to be more restrictive (Chen & Novy, 2012). Theory has shown that there are many ways to classify trade barriers (European Commission, 2021a;WTO, 2021a;Daugėlienė, 2016). The traditional classification of trade barriers includes tariff and non-tariff measures or barriers (Benz & Jaax, 2022).…”

“…In conclusion, non-tariff barriers can be divided into seven large groups. These include, for example, quantitative restrictions (import and export quotas); import and export licenses; fiscal treatment; voluntary export restrictions; legal regulations (norms, safety standards, state monopolies, public tenders); subsidies; other policy measures (such as "buy national goods policy"; intellectual property rights; bribery and corruption; unfair customs procedures; restrictive licenses; import embargoes; seasonal imports) (Daugėlienė, 2016).…”