Pollination services in a macadamia cultivar depend on across‐orchard transport of cross pollen

Kämper, Wiebke; Trueman, Stephen J.; Ogbourne, Steven M.; Wallace, Helen M.

doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14002

Cited by 21 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…Macadamia growers are paid on the basis of NIS yield and kernel recovery, and macadamia processors receive higher prices for large kernels and for kernels that remain whole upon cracking rather than splitting into halves or pieces [92][93][94][95]. Cross-fertilised macadamia fruit often have higher NIS mass, kernel mass, kernel recovery and kernel oil concentration than self-fertilised fruit [15,27]. Boron application had no significant effect on any of these yield or quality parameters or on the incidence of whole kernels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of the flowers do not set fruit and many of the fruit abscise during the early fruit development period [9,14,[16][17][18]. The final size of the remaining fruit that reach maturity can be affected by environmental conditions [19,20], crop nutrition [21][22][23] and fruit paternity [15,[24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each raceme possesses between 100 and 300 flowers [15,31]. Low and inconsistent macadamia yields are often attributed to low levels of initial fruit set, poor fruit retention, and variations in nut and kernel size [15,17,27,[32][33][34][35]. Macadamia has a very low fruit:flower ratio [17,33], which is common among species of the Proteaceae family [9,36,37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Boron Effects on Fruit Set, Yield, Quality and Paternity of Macadamia

et al. 2022

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Many tree crops experience sub-optimal yields and low fruit quality due to inadequate pollination, low fruit set, and poor crop nutrition. Boron (B) is a critical crop nutrient for fruit set because B levels affect pollen germination and pollen tube growth. However, the relationship between floral B concentration and fruit set is not well understood. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of B applications on the initial fruit set, yield, quality, and paternity of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia). Cultivar ‘816’ trees received one of three treatments: (a) 0 g, (b) 15 g, or (c) 30 g B per tree prior to flowering. Boron application increased the B concentration of macadamia flowers. Application of 15 g B increased fruit set at 3 weeks after peak anthesis, but this higher initial fruit set was not translated into higher fruit set at 6 or 10 weeks after peak anthesis or higher yield. Boron application increased B concentrations in kernels but did not affect nut-in-shell (NIS) mass, kernel mass, kernel recovery, kernel oil concentration or incidence of whole kernels. Cultivar ‘816’ was highly outcrossing, with 97–98% cross-paternity among kernels from all treatments. Our results indicate that higher B concentration in macadamia flowers can be associated with an increased initial fruit set. However, high B levels did not affect yield, nut quality, or the proportion of self-pollinated fruit at maturity. The heavy dependence on outcrossing highlights the importance of inter-planting different cultivars and managing bee hives to sustain the productivity of macadamia orchards.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Boron Effects on Fruit Set, Yield, Quality and Paternity of Macadamia

et al. 2022

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“…Cross-pollinated and self-pollinated strawberry fruit rarely differed in mineral nutrient concentrations or contents, either during early fruit development or at maturity. Pollen parents can affect fruit chemical composition [ 1 , 10 , 47 ] and cross-pollination increases calcium concentrations in apple and avocado fruit [ 21 , 22 , 47 ]. The accumulation of mineral nutrients to fruit has been thought to be affected directly by the auxin levels produced by developing seeds [ 1 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant cultivars differ greatly in their degree of self-compatibility, and these differences may affect the extent to which cross-pollination affects fruit quality [ 2 ]. Cross-pollination, in addition, can increase fruit mass, yield and quality of many horticultural crops including almond, blueberry, grape, guava, kiwifruit, macadamia and mandarin, when compared with self-pollination [ 3 – 10 ]. Furthermore, cross-pollinated fruit or seeds out-compete self-pollinated fruit or seeds that are growing on the same almond, feijoa, Banksia spinulosa or Phormium tenax plant, resulting in the cross-pollinated fruit or seeds having greater mass or size [ 11 – 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass and mineral nutrient partitioning among self-pollinated and cross-pollinated fruit on the same strawberry plant

et al. 2022

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Pollen-parent effects on fruit size and quality have been found previously among competing self-pollinated and cross-pollinated fruit on the same Redlands Joy strawberry plant. These effects occur independently of the percentage of fertilized seeds on the fruit, but the expression of these effects on fruit size and some aspects of quality are greatest when calcium is in shortest supply. Here, we aimed to clarify at what developmental stages the self-pollinated and cross-pollinated fruit diverge in size and quality and whether differences between self-pollinated and cross-pollinated fruit are due to early differences in nutrient accumulation. Fruit were harvested at 1, 2 and 3 weeks after hand-pollination and at full ripeness, approximately 4 weeks after hand-pollination. We measured fruit mass, length, diameter, colour, and the concentrations of aluminium, boron, calcium, copper, iron, nitrogen, magnesium, manganese, sodium, phospho-rous, potassium and zinc. Temporary increases in fruit mass, length or diameter due to cross-pollination were evident at 1 or 2 weeks after pollination. Consistent increases in size and skin darkness from cross-pollination emerged in the final week of fruit development. We found little evidence that self-pollinated and cross-pollinated fruit differed in mineral nutrient accumulation at any stage of fruit development. The results demonstrate that cross-pollination effects on strawberry fruit size are evident briefly during early fruit growth but emerge mainly during the final week of fruit development. The effects of cross-pollination on fruit size are not the result of early differences in mineral nutrient accumulation between self-pollinated and cross-pollinated fruit.

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Complementary effects of pollination and biocontrol services enable ecological intensification in macadamia orchards

Anders,

Westphal,

Linden

et al. 2024

Ecological Applications

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In many crops, both pollination and biocontrol determine crop yield, whereby the relative importance of the two ecosystem services can be moderated by the landscape context. However, additive and interactive effects of pollination and biocontrol in different landscape contexts are still poorly understood. We examined both ecosystem services in South African macadamia orchards. Combining observations and experiments, we disentangled their relative additive and interactive effects on crop production with variation in orchard design and landscape context (i.e., cover of natural habitat and altitude). Insect pollination increased the nut set on average by 280% (initial nut set) and 525% (final nut set), while biocontrol provided by bats and birds reduced the insect damage on average by 40%. Pollination services increased in orchards where macadamia tree rows were positioned perpendicular to orchard edges facing natural habitat. Biocontrol services decreased with elevation. Pest damage was reduced by higher cover of natural habitat at landscape scale but increased with elevation. Pollination and biocontrol are both important ecosystem services and complementary in providing high macadamia crop yield. Smart orchard design and the retention of natural habitat can simultaneously enhance both services. Conjoint management of ecosystem services can thus enable the ecological intensification of agricultural production.

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Pollination services in a macadamia cultivar depend on across‐orchard transport of cross pollen

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri butio n-NonCo mmerc ial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Cited by 21 publications

References 68 publications

Boron Effects on Fruit Set, Yield, Quality and Paternity of Macadamia

Boron Effects on Fruit Set, Yield, Quality and Paternity of Macadamia

Biomass and mineral nutrient partitioning among self-pollinated and cross-pollinated fruit on the same strawberry plant

Complementary effects of pollination and biocontrol services enable ecological intensification in macadamia orchards

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