Poly(3-methylthiophene) electrochemical actuators showing increased strain and work per cycle at higher operating stresses

Xi, Binbin; Truong, Van-Tan; Whitten, Philip G.; Ding, Jie; Spinks, Geoffrey M.; Wallace, Gordon G.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.063

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Polymer-in-ionic-liquid electrolytes (PILEs), which are composed of an IL and p-conjugated polymers such as PANI (PAn), [238] PPy, [238,[250][251][252] and PT, [238,253] can be employed for the fabrication of lightweight, highly efficient electrochemical mechanical actuator devices. These polymers physically deform when they undergo an oxidation/reduction cycle in an electrolyte solution because of doping/dedoping of cations in the PILE.…”

Section: Redox Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Frontiers in Materials Science Opened by Ionic Liquids

et al. 2010

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Ionic liquids (ILs) including ambient-temperature molten salts, which exist in the liquid state even at room temperature, have a long research history. However, their applications were once limited because ILs were considered as highly moisture-sensitive solvents that should be handled in a glove box. After the first synthesis of moisture-stable ILs in 1992, their unique physicochemical properties became known in all scientific fields. ILs are composed solely of ions and exhibit several specific liquid-like properties, e.g., some ILs enable dissolution of insoluble bio-related materials and the use as tailor-made lubricants in industrial applications under extreme physicochemical conditions. Hybridization of ILs and other materials provides quasi-solid materials, which can be used to fabricate highly functional devices. ILs are also used as reaction media for electrochemical and chemical synthesis of nanomaterials. In addition, the negligible vapor pressure of ILs allows the fabrication of electrochemical devices that are operated under ambient conditions, and many liquid-vacuum technologies, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of liquids, electron microscopy of liquids, and sputtering and physical vapor deposition onto liquids. In this article, we review recent studies on ILs that are employed as functional advanced materials, advanced mediums for materials production, and components for preparing highly functional materials.

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Section: Redox Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Frontiers in Materials Science Opened by Ionic Liquids

et al. 2010

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“…On the other hand, for poly (3-methylthiophene), actuation in an ionic liquid led to the strain actually increasing a little (to 0.6% from 0.45%) as the applied stress was increased up to 4 MPa, in contrast to the large decline in strain seen in propylene carbonate. This resulted in much higher work per cycle at the higher operating stresses (3-4 MPa), even though the strain for zero applied stress was greater in propylene carbonate (1.5%) [128]. Ionic liquids have also been used successfully with PEDOT to create a long-lasting actuator response without degradation [129].…”

Section: Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructural Aspects of Conducting‐Polymer Actuators

Kilmartin

Travaš-Sejdić

2010

Nanostructured Conductive Polymers

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Dimensional changes in conducting polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) during oxidation and reduction have been used for over 15 years to create movement, an actuating effect. This has opened up the possibility of the development of a new class of polymer-based, large strain, artificial muscles, to stand alongside other prospective materials, such as dielectric elastomers, shape-memory alloys, and carbon nanotube fibers [1]. Advantages of conducting polymers over more established actuator technologies, such as piezoelectric polymers, are seen in their low operation voltages, high work densities per cycle, and force generation capabilities, but with limitations seen in cycle life and energy conversion efficiencies [2].However, a complete picture of the volume changes at work in conducting polymers has yet to be determined [3], and it is widely recognized that an understanding and better exploitation of nanostructural aspects of conducting-polymer actuators will be necessary to improve their performance as required for practical applications [4][5][6][7]. In this chapter we will outline the main mechanisms of actuation which have been investigated for conducting-polymer actuators, along with recent research to model actuator performance and develop applications. The effect of morphology and nanostructure, such as chain Nanostructured Conductive PolymersEdited by Ali Eftekhari

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“…In particular, the non volatility and wide potential window of ILs are better than those of conventional electrolytes with respect to the evaporation and degradation of solvents. Electrochemical behaviors in conducting polymers such as PPy, [9][10][11][12][13] polyaniline, 9) poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene), 14) and poly(3-methythiophene) 15) using ILs have been studied to elucidate their ECMS and cycle life. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMI), 9,10) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI), 11,[13][14][15] and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidionium (BMP) 12) are commonly known as cations of ILs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Creeping and Actuation of Polypyrrole in Ionic Liquid

Kaneto¹,

Shinonome²,

Tominaga³

et al. 2011

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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The electrochemical creeping and actuation of polypyrrole films operated in an ionic liquid are reported. The electrochemical deformation was initiated by the reduction and swelling of the films by 15-20% with soaking in ionic liquid. An electrochemical strain of 3% and a blocked stress of 1.7 MPa showing cation movement were obtained. The film showed creeping at tensile loads larger than 0.5 MPa. The electrochemical strain obtained in a mixed solution of an ionic liquid and propylene carbonate was 15% at the initial stage, showing anion movement together with swelling induced by soaking in solvents. However, the electrochemical strain became negligible after several electrochemical cycles, resulting from the loss of electrochemical activity and conductivity upon swelling. #

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Poly(3-methylthiophene) electrochemical actuators showing increased strain and work per cycle at higher operating stresses

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

New Frontiers in Materials Science Opened by Ionic Liquids

New Frontiers in Materials Science Opened by Ionic Liquids

Nanostructural Aspects of Conducting‐Polymer Actuators

Electrochemical Creeping and Actuation of Polypyrrole in Ionic Liquid

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