Poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-aniline)-modified electrode—synthesis, characterization, and application as cadmium(II) ion sensor

Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

“…Recently, polymer modified electrodes gained great interest due to their good stability, reproducibility, more active sites, homogeneity in electrochemical deposition [ 138 ], and improved response characteristics [ 156 ]. One of the most used technique for covering the electrode surfaces with polymeric films is electropolymerization; it can be realized by cyclic voltammetry [ 34 , 59 , 66 , 114 , 118 , 121 , 122 , 130 , 138 , 156 , 168 , 170 , 173 , 175 , 207 , 208 ], by applying a constant potential [ 41 , 112 , 183 ] or a constant current [ 62 , 153 , 172 , 178 ] to the bare or previously modified PGE immersed in the solution containing monomer and eventually other components. A dip-coating method was applied to modify a PGE from a casting solution containing carmoisine/polyaniline or copper-carmoisine complex/polyaniline [ 129 ].…”

“…In order to demonstrate the modification of a surface, different techniques are used to investigate and to compare the morphology and/or the electrochemical characteristics of the respective surface and/or of the modifier, before, during, or after the modification process. For surface morphology of bare or modified PGE investigations, different techniques of electron [ 3 , 15 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 54 , 60 , 65 – 67 , 85 , 111 , 118 – 122 , 126 – 128 , 130 , 135 , 141 – 143 , 145 – 148 , 158 , 161 , 170 , 173 , 175 , 178 , 181 – 183 , 189 , 198 , 200 , 204 , 205 , 210 , 216 , 218 , 219 ] and atomic force microscopy [ 28 , 29 , 60 , 65 – 67 , 112 , 126 , 172 , 198 , 205 ] are widely used. Sometimes, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis [ 130 , 143 , 149 , 152 , 156 , 172 , 187 , 188 , 203 – 205 ].…”

“…X-ray diffraction was applied to investigate the chemical composition and/or crystal structure [ 143 , 145 , 203 , 204 , 206 ]. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) investigations were performed to emphasize the presence of certain functional groups indicating the chemical structure modification during the chemical reactions, like polymerization [ 3 , 29 , 65 , 117 , 121 , 122 , 128 , 130 , 141 , 143 , 146 , 148 , 156 , 170 , 175 , 189 , 205 , 210 ]. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy were also applied to determine the structure modification from graphite to graphene oxide [ 28 , 147 , 194 ].…”

“…Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) provided information on impedance changes at the electrode surface and therefore on the appearance of surface modifications enabling thus the differentiation between unmodified and modified electrodes [ 3 , 54 , 60 , 61 , 104 , 119 , 127 , 140 , 149 , 161 , 170 , 173 , 182 , 198 , 205 , 210 , 216 ], while CV is useful to characterize an electrode from electrochemical point of view or to investigate the electroactivity of conducting polymers, providing information about the formation, the potential, and the anodic/cathodic peak potentials of the polymer [ 3 , 15 , 24 , 28 , 32 , 43 , 54 , 60 – 63 , 66 , 67 , 72 , 104 , 111 , 114 , 117 , 118 , 120 – 122 , 125 , 127 , 135 , 140 , 144 , 145 , 149 , 152 , 158 , 161 , 168 , 170 , 175 , 177 , 181 , 183 , 192 , 193 , 203 – 205 , 208 , 210 ].…”

Amino-calixarene-modified graphitic carbon as a novel electrochemical interface for simultaneous measurement of lead and cadmium ions at picomolar level

“…The chemical modification of various carbon substrates such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanohorns (CNH), carbon nanofibers(CNF), graphene, graphite, glassy carbon spheres, and boron-doped diamond has been reported [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] for measurement of lead and cadmium ions. Poly(4-vinylpyridine-coaniline)-based solid-state ion sensor was used for cadmium(II) measurement from water and food samples [31]. A microtiter plate-based electrochemical device was developed and used in simultaneous measurement of lead and cadmium ions from standard effluent sample [32].…”