Poly(anthraquinonyl sulfide) cathode for potassium-ion batteries

Jian, Zelang; Liang, Yanliang; Rodríguez‐Pérez, Ismael A.; Yao, Yan; Ji, Xiulei

doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2016.07.011

Cited by 249 publications

(187 citation statements)

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“…[104] However, ex situ XRD and infrared spectroscopy indicate that the structural evolution upon K insertion and extraction is irreversible, suggesting possible parasitic contributions to the capacity. K storage in poly(anthraquinonyl) sulfide (PAQS) was also demonstrated by Jian et al [105] One PAQS molecule was observed to uptake two K ions upon discharge (211 mA h g −1 at 20 mA g −1 in 1.5-3.4 V) when using 0.5 m KTFSI in mixed dimethoxyethane and dioxolane solution (1:1 ratio by volume). Zhao et al showed that oxocarbon (C 6 O 6 ) can cycle two K ions in the voltage range of 1-3.2 V, delivering a capacity of 212 mA h g −1 at 0.2 C. [90] These authors also compared the kinetics of K storage in the oxocarbon with that for Li and Na and found that the K diffusivity estimated by cyclic voltammetry is higher than those of Li and Na for the same system.…”

Section: Organic Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…[104,105] Using 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic acid-dianhydride as a K storage host, they reported a capacity of 129 mA h g −1 for the first discharge at 20 mA g −1 in the voltage range of 1.2-3.2 V with 0.8 m KPF 6 in EC:DEC with a 1:1 ratio by volume. [104] However, ex situ XRD and infrared spectroscopy indicate that the structural evolution upon K insertion and extraction is irreversible, suggesting possible parasitic contributions to the capacity.…”

Section: Organic Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Progress and Perspective in Electrode Materials for K‐Ion Batteries

Kim

Bianchini

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

614

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and demand in terms of time and space. Thus, grid-level stationary energy storage systems (ESSs) play a key role in making renewable energies both effective and efficient and thereby shaping a more sustainable and environmental friendly society.Although different energy storage technologies including mechanical, electrical, chemical, and electrochemical systems have been proposed, [2,3] mechanical energy storage through pumped hydroelectricity currently dominates the market (≈95% of the installed capacity, ≈183 GW). [4] Electrochemical energy storage is also being considered as a promising option for ESSs based on its flexibility of deployment with little restriction on size and geographical location, low maintenance costs, large energy density, high round-trip efficiency, and long cycle life. [3,5,6] The market for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), originally commercialized for portable electronic devices (i.e., cell phones and laptops), is now expanding to electric vehicles (EVs) and gridlevel ESSs. However, it remains debatable whether the global Li reserves, ≈14 million tons, can meet the increasing demand for such large-scale applications. [7][8][9] The price of lithium carbonate, which is a primary precursor for LIBs, has been continuously increasing since 2000, [10] and this trend is likely to accelerate once the EV and ESS markets take off. Moreover, Li is geographically limited to specific regions: ≈86% of the Li reserves are located in Bolivia, Chile, China, Argentina, and Australia; [9] therefore, geopolitical issues may arise. A more pressing issue for Li-ion markets is the use of Co in all high-energy-density systems. With more than 50% of all mined Co destined for use in Li-ion technology, and a substantial fraction of that coming from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Li-ion growth may be hampered by the availability of Co. [11] As a less expensive alternative to LIBs, Na-ion batteries (NIBs) have been extensively studied. [6,[12][13][14] The relatively high standard redox potential of Na/Na + leads to a lower working voltage and thereby lower energy density than Li-ion. In addition, hard carbon, which is associated with a high production cost and low material's density, must be used as an anode in NIBs, as graphite, which is the standard anode for LIBs, cannot store Na ions. [15][16][17] Recently, K-ion batteries (KIBs) have emerged as another possible energy storage system. [18][19][20] It is notable that the abundance of K resources in the Earth's crust and oceans is similar to that of Na (Figure 1a). [21,22] The cost of potassium carbonate The development of rechargeable batteries using K ions as charge carriers has recently attracted considerable attention in the search for cost-effective and large-scale energy storage systems. In light of this trend, various materials for positive and negative electrodes are proposed and evaluated for application in K-ion batteries. Here, a comprehensive review of ongoing materials research on nonaqueous K-ion batteries is offered. Information on the status of ...

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Section: Organic Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Organic Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress and Perspective in Electrode Materials for K‐Ion Batteries

Kim

Bianchini

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

614

465

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Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201700098mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3] This interesting feature suggests that KIBs might potentially deliver a higher cell voltage than Na-ion batteries (NIBs) and even LIBs. In addition, K-ion technology would benefit from the fact that graphite can be used on the anode side [3,4] (as in Li ion), which is not the case for Na ion and has seriously limited application of Na-ion technology.Only a few cathode compounds have been reported to date for KIBs, [5][6][7][8][9] with most studies focusing on the development of anodes. [3,4,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] For example, Eftekhari demonstrated that Prussian blue can reversibly store K ions in a nonaqueous electrolyte system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5] Later, the amorphous phase of FePO 4 as well as organic materials were also suggested as cathodes for KIBs. [6][7][8][9] Recently, K-ion insertion was shown to be possible in K 0.3 MnO 2 , [21] but the low K content of that material requires the use of K metal or pre-potassiated anodes.In this paper, we demonstrate highly reversible cycling of a P2-type K 0.6 CoO 2 cathode, and show implementation of a full cell KIB using a graphite anode. Alkali transition metal oxides with an ordered rock salt structure have been widely studied as promising cathodes for LIBs and NIBs because their layered framework allows topotactic de/intercalation of alkali ions, leading to excellent energy storage properties.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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K‐Ion Batteries Based on a P2‐Type K_0.6CoO₂ Cathode

Kim

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

278

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perspective, K-ion cells would be a more reasonable choice as a low-cost alternative to Li-ion since K has high natural abundance and a lower standard redox potential than Na (K/K + : −2.9 V and Na/ Na + : −2.7 V vs saturated hydrogen electrode in aqueous media). [1] Indeed, the potential of K/K + was theoretically calculated to be even more negative than that of Li/Li + in propylene carbonate, a well-known battery electrolyte solvent. [2] Experimental demonstration that the standard redox potential of K/K + is lower than that of Li/Li + by ≈0.15 V in ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (EC/DEC) electrolyte is consistent with this prediction. [3] This interesting feature suggests that KIBs might potentially deliver a higher cell voltage than Na-ion batteries (NIBs) and even LIBs. In addition, K-ion technology would benefit from the fact that graphite can be used on the anode side [3,4] (as in Li ion), which is not the case for Na ion and has seriously limited application of Na-ion technology.Only a few cathode compounds have been reported to date for KIBs, [5][6][7][8][9] with most studies focusing on the development of anodes. [3,4,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] For example, Eftekhari demonstrated that Prussian blue can reversibly store K ions in a nonaqueous electrolyte system. [5] Later, the amorphous phase of FePO 4 as well as organic materials were also suggested as cathodes for KIBs. [6][7][8][9] Recently, K-ion insertion was shown to be possible in K 0.3 MnO 2 , [21] but the low K content of that material requires the use of K metal or pre-potassiated anodes.In this paper, we demonstrate highly reversible cycling of a P2-type K 0.6 CoO 2 cathode, and show implementation of a full cell KIB using a graphite anode. Alkali transition metal oxides with an ordered rock salt structure have been widely studied as promising cathodes for LIBs and NIBs because their layered framework allows topotactic de/intercalation of alkali ions, leading to excellent energy storage properties. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Cyclability and rate capability of K x CoO 2 are shown to be very good, indicating that with further improvements K ion may be an effective technology for large-scale energy storage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of reversible K de/intercalation in P2-type layered K x CoO 2 in the range 0.33 < x < 0.68. This work creates new research opportunities for the development of KIBs as a particularly exciting and promising technology for large-scale energy storage applications. K-ion batteries are a potentially exciting and new energy storage technology that can combine high specific energy, cycle life, and good power capability, all while using abundant potassium resources. The discovery of novel cathodes is a critical step toward realizing K-ion batteries (KIBs). In this work, a layered P2-type K 0.6 CoO 2 cathode is developed and highly reversible K ion intercalation is demonstrated. In situ X-ray diffraction combined with electrochemical titration reveals that P2-type ...

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