Poly(lactic acid)/natural rubber/kenaf biocomposites production using poly(methyl methacrylate) and epoxidized natural rubber as co-compatibilizers

Alias, Nur Fazreen; Ismail, Hanafi; Ishak, Ku Marsilla Ku

doi:10.1007/s13726-021-00927-8

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Nevertheless, most of the NR/CNC nanocomposites showed homogeneous filler dispersion in the NR matrix, which is the key factor for improved tensile strength of the NR/CNC nanocomposites shown in the previous results. In addition, the smoother surface and good dispersion of CNCs in the NR matrix were observed in NR-CNC5-ODNR and NR-CNC5-Si69 compared to NR-CNC5 nanocomposites, demonstrating increased interfacial compatibility between the filler and the rubber matrix [47]. As a result, ODNR can improve the filler-rubber interaction in the nanocomposite and is comparable to the use of Si69.…”

Section: Morphology Of Nr/cnc Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Compatibilization of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Reinforced Natural Rubber Nanocomposite by Modified Natural Rubber

Jantachum,

Phinyocheep

2024

Polymers

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Due to global warming and environmental concerns, developing a fully bio-based nanocomposite is an attractive issue. In this work, the cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from Luffa cylindrica, a renewable resource, were explored as a bio-based reinforcing filler in natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites. In addition, modified natural rubber was explored as a potential compatibilizer to assist the filler dispersion in the rubber nanocomposite. The effect of the CNC content (0–15 phr) on cure characteristics and the mechanical, dynamic, and thermal properties of NR/CNC nanocomposites was investigated. The results showed that the scorch time and cure time of the nanocomposites increased with increased CNC contents. The optimum tensile strength of NR nanocomposites having 5 phr of the CNC (NR-CNC5) was 20.60% higher than the corresponding unfilled NR vulcanizate, which was related to the increased crosslink density of the rubber nanocomposite. The incorporation of oxidized-degraded NR (ODNR) as a compatibilizer in the NR-CNC5 nanocomposite exhibited a considerably reduced cure time, which will lead to energy conservation during production. Moreover, the cure rate index of NR-CNC5-ODNR is much higher than using a petroleum-based silane coupling agent (Si69) as a compatibilizer in the NR-CNC5 nanocomposite. The good filler dispersion in the NR-CNC5 nanocomposite compatibilized by ODNR is comparable to the use of Si69, evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. There is, therefore, a good potential for the use of modified NR as a bio-based compatibilizer for rubber nanocomposites.

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Section: Morphology Of Nr/cnc Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Compatibilization of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Reinforced Natural Rubber Nanocomposite by Modified Natural Rubber

Jantachum,

Phinyocheep

2024

Polymers

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“…Usually, the presence of the fibres enhances the thermal stability of the composites and their mechanical tensile/flexural modulus and strength [96][97][98]. Some authors considered PLA blended with PBS [99,100], with natural rubber [101], or PLA grafted with maleic anhydride to improve the fibre-matrix compatibility.…”

Section: Use Of Agri-food Waste As Fillermentioning

confidence: 99%

Agri-Food Wastes for Bioplastics: European Prospective on Possible Applications in Their Second Life for a Circular Economy

et al. 2022

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Agri-food wastes (such as brewer’s spent grain, olive pomace, residual pulp from fruit juice production, etc.) are produced annually in very high quantities posing a serious problem, both environmentally and economically. These wastes can be used as secondary starting materials to produce value-added goods within the principles of the circular economy. In this context, this review focuses on the use of agri-food wastes either to produce building blocks for bioplastics manufacturing or biofillers to be mixed with other bioplastics. The pros and cons of the literature analysis have been highlighted, together with the main aspects related to the production of bioplastics, their use and recycling. The high number of European Union (EU)-funded projects for the valorisation of agri-food waste with the best European practices for this industrial sector confirm a growing interest in safeguarding our planet from environmental pollution. However, problems such as the correct labelling and separation of bioplastics from fossil ones remain open and to be optimised, with the possibility of reuse before final composting and selective recovery of biomass.

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“…ENR is a derivative of natural rubber which has two reactive sites that are unsaturated isoprene and epoxidized isoprene units. Biocomposites with good biodegradable properties can be derived from further modification of ENR [23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Spent Coffee/ENR50 Biocomposite in Comparison to Carbon Black

et al. 2021

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This study investigates the impact of spent coffee biochar (Biochar) compared to carbon black (CB) as a partial replacement for carbon black in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). Particle size and elemental analysis were used to characterize the biochar and CB. Cure characteristics, tensile, thermal, and morphological properties on the effect of biochar and CB as filler were studied. It was found that incorporating 10 phr of spent coffee biochar could improve the composites’ tensile properties and thermal performance compared to carbon black. However, the addition of biochar significantly affects the maximum torque compared to CB and delays the vulcanization time. SEM study shows that biochar has a strong effect on the morphology of composite films. The FTIR graph reveals no substantial difference between compounds with biochar and CB. According to the thermal calorimetric study, the thermal stability of ENR-Biochar is higher than that of ENR-CB. Additionally, these findings suggest that the utilization of spent coffee as a sustainable biochar could be further explored, but little has been done in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR).

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Poly(lactic acid)/natural rubber/kenaf biocomposites production using poly(methyl methacrylate) and epoxidized natural rubber as co-compatibilizers

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Compatibilization of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Reinforced Natural Rubber Nanocomposite by Modified Natural Rubber

Compatibilization of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Reinforced Natural Rubber Nanocomposite by Modified Natural Rubber

Agri-Food Wastes for Bioplastics: European Prospective on Possible Applications in Their Second Life for a Circular Economy

Preparation and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Spent Coffee/ENR50 Biocomposite in Comparison to Carbon Black

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