Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid): Physico-chemical characterization and targeted dye sensitized solar cell application

Shanti, R.; Bella, Federico; Salim, Yoga Sugama; Chee, Swee Yong; Subramaniam, Ramesh; Ramesh, K.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.021

Cited by 81 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The copolymer was synthesized via emulsion polymerization according to the method reported in Ramesh et al (2016). 15 The emulsion was processed into thin lm with complete drying at 60 C prior to structural elucidation and irradiating with UV.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of ultra-high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) under ultra violet irradiation

et al. 2017

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A new acrylic terpolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) [P(MMA-co-BA-co-AA)] of ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) was synthesized via seeded emulsion polymerization. This polyacrylic showed good film properties; high transparency, water resistance and mechanical flexibility that may suitable for many environmental based applications such as coating, packaging, label sensors etc. In order to access the photo-stability of this material for environmental application, studies were conducted under UV illumination of a short-wavelength (l ¼ 254 nm) in air. The responses were collected at different irradiation times by using several characterization techniques: infrared/UV-visible spectroscopy (FTIR/UV-Vis), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Two distinguishable structures, cross-linked and fragmented chains, were formed under photo-irradiation at different times of exposure. The formation of cross-linked structures at short irradiation times (t < 60 min) increases the chain length as validated from the increase in average-molecular weight (M w ), whilst at longer irradiation time the fragmentation causes a decrease in the chain length (decrease in M w ). Only the chain scission at longer irradiation time (t > 60 min) causes the copolymer to degrade. The centre of reaction was identified at the pendent group and no effect of main chain destabilization was observed throughout the experimental condition. The occurrence of chain cleavage during photo-degradation causes chain-chain separation, as visually seen under the imaging technique and this coincides with the observed drop in thermal stability. Photo-oxidation was also proposed to occur simultaneously with photo-degradation as the irradiation was performed in air.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of ultra-high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) under ultra violet irradiation

et al. 2017

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“…Among the various electrolytes, the polymer electrolytes are the most extensively investigated systems. 10,76,[77][78][79] In recent years, the scientific community has turned its efforts in the direction of aqueous electrolytes; by means of DSSCs fabricated with water-based electrolytes, reduced costs, non-flammability, reduced volatility and improved environmental compatibility could be easily achieved. [80][81][82][83][84] Solid hole conductors capable of transporting charge and regenerating the dye, such as spiro-MeOTAD, can be used as charge mediators in DSSCs.…”

Section: Dye-sensitized Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

et al. 2017

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are regarded as prospective solar cells for the next generation of photovoltaic technologies and have become research hotspots in the PV field. The counter electrode, as a crucial component of DSSCs, collects electrons from the external circuit and catalyzes the redox reduction in the electrolyte, which has a significant influence on the photovoltaic performance, long-term stability and cost of the devices. Solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, as well as the structure, principle, preparation and characterization of counter electrodes are mentioned in the introduction section. The next six sections discuss the counter electrodes based on transparency and flexibility, metals and alloys, carbon materials, conductive polymers, transition metal compounds, and hybrids, respectively. The special features and performance, advantages and disadvantages, preparation, characterization, mechanisms, important events and development histories of various counter electrodes are presented. In the eighth section, the development of counter electrodes is summarized with an outlook. This article panoramically reviews the counter electrodes in DSSCs, which is of great significance for enhancing the development levels of DSSCs and other photoelectrochemical devices.

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“…TiO 2 is the most used anodic material not only for PSCs, but also for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). [129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141] It presents several advantages, such as low cost, low toxicity, adequate band-gap and high electron collection efficiency. Some efforts have been made to further ameliorate its performance in 142 The structure of TiO 2 NSs ensured a higher number of (001) facets, with respect to that observed for TiO 2 NPs, due to the elongated geometry.…”

Section: High-temperature Processed Front Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon-based materials for stable, cheaper and large-scale processable perovskite solar cells

Fagiolari

Bella

2019

Energy Environ. Sci.

262

188

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Almost ten years after their first use in the photovoltaic (PV) field, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are now hybrid devices that, in addition to having reached silicon performance, can accelerate the energy transition and boost the use of abundant elements for their manufacturing process. However, noble metals (in particular gold) represent the most typically used sources for back electrode fabrication, and this issue has been intensively considered by the research community in the last five years. This review shows how the most promising solution, considering also the need to develop a large-scale production process, is based on the use of carbon-based materials for the preparation of back electrodes. Graphite, carbon black, graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proposed, functionalized and characterized, leading to laboratory-scale solar cells and modules capable of providing excellent efficiencies and ensuring stability greater than those of gold-based devices. Strengthened by these results and its hydrophobizing properties, carbon has also started to be used as an electron transporting material (ETM), with excellent results on both rigid and flexible substrates. This review discusses the major advances and the updated state-of-the-art in the carbon-based PSC scenario, keeping a solid trajectory where the accessibility, low cost, high electrical conductivity, chemical stability and controllable porosity of carbon are highlighted and exploited in the design of upscalable hybrid solar cells. Broader contextToday, more than 75% of the world energy demand is met by traditional, non-sustainable energy resources, mainly based on coal, natural gas and oil. Photovoltaics represents a concrete action to mitigate fossil fuel consumption, and among all the developed solar cells, perovskite-based ones have shown the highest increase in terms of efficiency (currently above 25%). Halide perovskites, as a family of new-generation semiconductor materials, are also exploitable for light-emitting devices, photodetectors and memristors, but their use in photovoltaics gives rise to outstanding performances. Here, photogenerated charges pass through electron/hole transporting materials and are transferred to the external circuit by front and back electrodes. While the front electrode is a common conductive glass, many issues are now under study concerning the back electrode, traditionally made of gold. Indeed, replacing this expensive metal with a much cheaper alternative is vital for realizing affordable solar technologies. Carbon, in its multiple forms, represents the winning solution and the scientific community has recently shown its large scale processability, its power as a stability booster and some interesting effects at the perovskite/electrode interface. This review shows how carbon is becoming the winning ingredient for the scaling up and worldwide diffusion of perovskite solar cells.

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Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid): Physico-chemical characterization and targeted dye sensitized solar cell application

Cited by 81 publications

References 16 publications

Degradation of ultra-high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) under ultra violet irradiation

Degradation of ultra-high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) under ultra violet irradiation

Counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

Carbon-based materials for stable, cheaper and large-scale processable perovskite solar cells

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