Poly-γ-glutamate-based Materials for Multiple Infection Prophylaxis Possessing Versatile Coating Performance

Abstract

Poly-γ-glutamate (PGA) possesses a nylon-like backbone and polyacrylate-like carboxyl groups, and shows an extraordinary solubility in water. In this study, the effective synthesis and structural analysis of some water-insoluble PGA ion-complexes (PGAICs) using cationic surfactants, hexadecylpyridinium (HDP), dodecylpyridinium, benzalkonium and benzetonium, were examined. We demonstrated their spontaneous coating performance to the surfaces of different materials (i.e., plastics, metals, and ceramics) as potent anti-staphylococcal and anti-Candida agents. The tests against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that, regardless of a variety of materials, PGAICs maintained surface antimicrobial activity, even after the water-soaking treatment, whereas those against Candida albicans indicated that, among PGAICs, PGA/HDP complex is most useful as an anti-fungal agent because of its coating stability. Moreover, the log reduction values against Influenza A and B viruses of PGA/HDP-coated surfaces were estimated to be 5.4 and 3.2, respectively, suggesting that it can be dramatically suppressed the infection of influenza. This is to our knowledge the first observation of PGA-based antiviral coatings.

Recent Advances in Bioplastics: Application and Biodegradation

“…For example, Khalil and colleagues have studied it as a system for the encapsulation of adenovirus as an Polymers 2020, 12, 920 9 of 38 oncolytic adenoviral vector to protect the load against neutralizing antibodies of the immunogenic response [109]. Ashiuchi and co-workers studied the opposite effect, where PGA coating was intended as antiviral effector to protect different surfaces [110]. They demonstrated the viability of this system against influenza virus as well as against fungal and bacterial pathogens.…”

Engineering antimicrobial coating of archaeal poly-γ-glutamate-based materials using non-covalent crosslinkages

“…1 ). Diamine-type compounds ( e.g ., hexamethylene ( viz ., aliphatic; panel a) and phenylene ( viz ., aromatic; b) diamines) did not meet the requirements for PGAIC materials, whereas N , N’ -hexamethylenebis (4-carbamoyl-1-decylpyridinium) (BDP 2+ , a bis -pyridinium compound) was applicable (c), as was HDP + (a mono -pyridinium compound) 2 , 3 . DEQ 2+ (a bis -quinolinium compound) was useful as well (d), but mono -quinolinium compounds (e and f) were not preferred for the formation of water-resistant complexes.…”

“…They called this self-assembling material l -PGA ion complex (PGAIC). PGAIC has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity (against food-poisoning bacteria, a prevalent species of Candida , filamentous fungi, and Influenza viruses) 2 , 3 , and has potential as a bio-based plastic. This new material could be useful in food-related engineering and pharmaceutics.…”

“…This new material could be useful in food-related engineering and pharmaceutics. However, the solvation assays developed for PGAICs 2 , 3 also highlight the importance of improving their durability, in particular, moderate resistance against organic solvents including alcohols ( e.g ., ethanol) and chloroform. We herein present a new strategy to introduce multiple non-covalent crosslinkages into the essential architecture of PGAIC to develop engineered materials with excellent chemical durability.…”

A New Method to Purify Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Using Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Salts and Characterization of its Ionic Complex

“…Hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP) that includes a quaternary ammonium cation (Figure 1) is known as a disinfectant (Johansen et al, 2006). Quaternary ammonium cation binds to the carboxylic acid group of γ-PGA via an ionic bond, and water-insoluble and antimicrobial complexes are thus formed (Ashiuchi et al, 2013;Ashiuchi et al, 2015). Therefore, we hypothesized that it is possible to purify γ-PGA from the culture broth using the water-insoluble complex.…”