Polyamides

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Nomenclature 3. General Considerations in Polyamidation 3.1. Molecular Mass 3.2. Equilibrium and Rate Constants 3.3. Effects of Monomer Structure 3.4. Amide Interchange 3.5. Structure‐Property Considerations 4. Other Polymerization Techniques 4.1. Variants of Hydrolytic Polymerization 4.2. Interfacial and Solution Polymerization 4.3. Ionic Polymerization 4.4. Solid‐Phase Polymerization 5. Commercial Processes 5.1. PA 46 5.2. PA 66 5.2.1. Batch Production 5.2.2. Continuous Production 5.3. Other AABB‐Polyamides 5.4. PA 6 5.5. PA 11 5.6. PA 12 6. Properties 6.1. Properties of Unmodified Polyamides 6.2. Copolymerization 6.3. Modification by Additives 6.3.1. Filled and Reinforced Polyamides 6.3.2. Blends and Alloys 6.3.3. Flame‐Retardant Polyamides 6.3.4. Conductive Polyamides 6.3.5. Other Formulations 7. Processing 8. Uses 9. Ecological Aspects and Toxicology 9.1. Recycling 9.2. Polyamide Monomers 9.3. Other Aspects 10. Economic Aspects

Polyester-Based (Bio)degradable Polymers as Environmentally Friendly Materials for Sustainable Development

“…Nylons are available for processing via injection moulding, rotational moulding, casting or extrusion into film or fibre. For industrial uses, polyamides persistently replace traditional materials in applications ranging from showpiece examples such as artificial organs and construction materials for moon-based space stations through to the more routine but equally important uses, including high load bearings, wear pads, support and guide wheels, buffer pads and gears, and many more [ 175 ].…”

Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene as FR for CFR anionic PA6 via T‐RTM: a study of mechanical and thermal properties

“…To produce APA6, molten ε‐caprolactam is polymerized in an anionic ring opening reaction, induced usually by a basic catalyst, for example, sodium salt of ε‐caprolactam, directly in the mold . Because of the much lower viscosity of ε‐caprolactam compared with PA6, molds of complex design can be fulfilling easier , and of particular importance is that fiber fabrics for fiber reinforcements are easier to be infiltrated. Consequently, for the production of CFR PA6 with high fiber content via T‐RTM processing, APA6 should produce better material properties because of good fiber infiltration .…”

Potential Chemicals from Plastic Wastes

“…Cyclic ε-caprolactam (CPL) as a monomer can be recovered from PA depolymerization ( Figure 1 ). The depolymerization of PAs is mainly carried out by alcohols/glycols, ammonia, water, and in the presence of catalytic agents [ 59 , 60 ]. The major challenge associated with PA depolymerization is the harsh reaction conditions, which lead to the formation of undesired side products that create problems in purification.…”