Polyamines: ubiquitous polycations with unique roles in growth and stress responses

Abstract

The mechanisms of action of polyamines differ greatly from those of plant hormones. There remain numerous unanswered questions regarding polyamines in plants, such as transport systems and polyamine-responsive genes. Further studies on the action of polyamines will undoubtedly provide a new understanding of plant growth regulation and stress responses.

Bacterial and Plant Signal Integration via D3-Type Cyclins Enhances Symptom Development in the Arabidopsis-Rhodococcus fasciansInteraction

“…In Arabidopsis, Spd, the most abundant polyamine, has been linked with developmental processes, Spm has no apparent function under normal growth conditions, and tSpm has been implicated in vascular development (Imai et al, 2004a(Imai et al, , 2004bVera-Sirera et al, 2010). The physiological significance of Put in Arabidopsis has been associated generally with various types of abiotic stress responses (Alcázar et al, 2010;Takahashi and Kakehi, 2010).…”

“…Polyamines are aliphatic polycations whose structure allows the interaction with DNA, RNA, proteins, and phospholipids. Consequently, they are important regulators of growth and development (for recent reviews, see Alcázar et al, 2010;Takahashi and Kakehi, 2010). Besides the developmental modulation of polyamine levels, their concentration also increases when plants are challenged with abiotic or biotic agents, suggesting a protective role against environmental cues (Alcázar et al, 2010;Gill and Tuteja, 2010) and pathogens (Walters, 2003).…”

Recycling of Methylthioadenosine Is Essential for Normal Vascular Development and Reproduction in Arabidopsis

“…PAs such as putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm), and thermospermine (Tspm) are cationic organic molecules that are essential for plant development and stress responses. Some of the documented roles of PAs include vascular differentiation, embryogenesis, cell division, and responses to abiotic stresses such as salt, osmotic, drought, and wounding (Takahashi and Kakehi, 2010;Vera-Sirera et al, 2010). For example, recent evidence suggests roles for both Tspm and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) produced from PA catabolism in the control of xylem differentiation (Muñ iz et al, 2008;Tisi et al, 2011).…”

“…For example, recent evidence suggests roles for both Tspm and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) produced from PA catabolism in the control of xylem differentiation (Muñ iz et al, 2008;Tisi et al, 2011). PAs have also been implicated in RNA processing, chromatin remodeling, membrane fluidity, and protein activation (Baron and Stasolla, 2008;Takahashi and Kakehi, 2010). NA, a product of another MTA-generating reaction, is a metal chelator involved in long-distance transport of ions.…”

Homocysteine and Polyamines: Metabolic Relationship and Its Clinical Significance in Folate Inhibitors Chemotherapy

“…Установлено и на протяжении нескольких деся-тилетий изучается участие полиаминов в процес-сах клеточной пролиферации [55][56][57][58]. Полиамины участвуют в разнообразных процессах, вовлечен-ных в рост и пролиферацию клеток, таких как регу-ляция транскрипции и трансляции, регуляция ион-ных каналов и фосфорилирование белков [59][60][61].…”