Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and monobromo-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (MoBPXDD/Fs) in the atmosphere and bulk deposition in Kyoto, Japan

Airborne polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs), and dechlorane plus (DP) in concentrated vehicle parking areas

“…These two distinct congener/homologue profiles imply their different PBDD/F sources. In our study, PBDFs were found to a greater extent than PBDDs, and three PBDF isomers contribute 64.4-94.7 % to the total PBDD/Fs, in accordance with most previous studies (Hayakawa et al 2004;WHO 1998). However, there are some exceptions; PBDD/Fs formed in selected bromophenols and their related products were strongly dominated by PBDDs (WHO 1998).…”

“…A is conservatively assumed as 1; ED on-duty and ED off-duty of parking employees are respectively presumed as 8 and 16 h day −1 ; C on-duty and C off-duty, respectively, represent pollutant's concentrations in parking areas and off-duty places, e.g., home. The mean (median) PBDE and DP concentrations in indoor air from homes in Guangzhou were respectively reported as 1033 (880) pg m − 3 and 6.48 (6.87) pg m −3 in 2004-2005(Chen et al 2008Ren et al 2010), which are quite close to our data in TH, 979 (903) pg m −3 for PBDEs and 5.04 (4.93) pg m −3 for DP. Therefore, it is reasonable to adopt values in TH as C off-duty for parking employees.…”

“…The highest atmospheric PBDD/Fs of urban areas were found in Osaka and Kyoto (1.0-12.5 pg m −3 ), Japan (Hayakawa et al 2004;WHO 1998). Comparatively, our results in TH were at lower levels; PBDD/Fs in park C were closed to the values in the industrial area of Guangzhou (mean 2.24 pg m −3 , Li et al 2011).…”

“…PBDD/Fs are mainly formed and emitted during the production, processing, use, irradiation, pyrolysis, recycling, and combustion of brominated organic chemicals and BFR-contained polymers (Hayakawa et al 2004;WHO 1998). Besides, the combustion processes occurring in auto motors can also form and emit PBDD/Fs due to the existence of trace halogenated compounds in fuels (WHO 1998).…”

Atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Pb isotopes at a remote site in Southwestern China: Implications for monsoon-associated transport

“…Owing to their persistency in the environment, biologically cumulative effect and tendency to undergo atmospheric transport, PBDEs have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Over the past several years, PBDE pollution in Asia has been widely reported (Chen et al, 2009;Hayakawa et al, 2004;Moon et al, 2007). Precise data on the production and consumption of PBDEs in tropical Asia are not available, but a large quantity of PBDEs may come from unregulated e-wastes recycling and disposal.…”