Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the aquatic environment — A literature review

Distribution, Transformation, and Long-Term Accumulation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Different Tissues of Fish and Piscivorous Birds

“…Distribution and transfer of PCDD/F in "sh and their top predators are very important for evaluating the bioaccumulation in organisms via the food chain (Geyer et al, 1990;Bonn, 1998). Exposure assessments now routinely consider "sh ingestion as a potential route of human exposure to chemicals in the environment (Sherman et al, 1992;Fletcher and McKay, 1993;Abbott and Hinton, 1996). Piscivorous birds are consumers of "sh, and bioaccumulation in birds emerged as an ecological concern more than 40 years ago when studies demonstrated that accumulation of pesticide residues in "sh had led to reporductive failure in piscivorous birds (Bysshe, 1982).…”

Prediction of the retentions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) by using the retentions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)

“…In the same way, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and the dibenzofurans (PBDFs) are also very important since PBDD/Fs are a major problem in the brominated¯ame-retardant industries. Like PCDD/Fs, they also appear to be resistant to chemical transformations and have low biological degradation rate (Buchert and Ballschmiter, 1986;Norwood et al, 1989;Hagenmair et al, 1992;Wenning et al, 1992;Fletcher and McKay, 1993). They have been found in rivers, lakes and ground water, soil, as well as in¯y ash (Kjeller et al, 1991;Wenning et al, 1993).…”

Quantitative relationship between chromatographic retentions and molecular structures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)

“…They have been found in rivers, lakes and ground water, soil, as well as in¯y ash (Hagenmair et al, 1992). PCDD/F are persistent environmental pollutants, that bioaccumulate throughout the food chain and may pose a serious health risk to humans and animal species (Buchert and Ballschmiter, 1986;Norwood et al, 1989;Kjeller et al, 1991;Wenning et al, 1992;Fletcher and McKay, 1993;Wenning et al, 1993). In general the most toxic PCDDs and PCDFs are known to be the congeners with 2,3,7,8 chlorine substitutents for determination of toxic equivalents (TE), so PCDDs with 1,2, or 3 Cls will be of less concern.…”