Polycyclic musk fragrances in the aquatic environment

Rimkus, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00191-5

Cited by 273 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…36 The concentrations of the two polycyclic musks (HHCB and AHTN) were generally higher than those of the two nitro musks (MX and MK). This result could be explained as the trend of increasing application of polycyclic musks and restriction of nitro musks.…”

Section: Analysis Of Environmental Water Samplesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Simultaneous Determination of Trace Polycyclic and Nitro Musks in Water Samples Using Optimized Solid-Phase Extraction by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

Yuan

et al. 2009

ANAL. SCI.

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This study intended to develop a robust and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of polycyclic musks (HHCB and AHTN) and nitro musks (musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK)) in water samples using optimized solid-phase extraction (SPE) by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The SPE procedure was optimized in terms of selections of SPE cartridge, sample pH, elution process, etc. The method detection limits (MDLs) were from 0.09 to 0.18 ng L -1 for the analytes. The recoveries ranged from 88.3 to 104.1% in spiked deionized water and from 86.4 to 106.8% in groundwater samples, respectively. The proposed approach was also validated by detecting real samples. The results revealed that HHCB and AHTN were ubiquitous in the local aquatic matrices. Furthermore, nitro musks were found in some aquatic matrices, which is consistent with the fact that nitro musks are still being produced and applied in China.

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Section: Analysis Of Environmental Water Samplesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Simultaneous Determination of Trace Polycyclic and Nitro Musks in Water Samples Using Optimized Solid-Phase Extraction by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

Yuan

et al. 2009

ANAL. SCI.

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“…These materials end up in streams and rivers from discharge of water from sewage treatment. 66 In 1999, the EPA sponsored a review of the literature pertaining to the impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products on the environment. The review concluded that:…”

Section: Presence In Waterways and Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

Fragrance: emerging health and environmental concerns

Bridges¹

2002

Flavour & Fragrance J

113

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Products containing scent are a part of daily life. The majority of cosmetics, toiletries, household and laundry products contain fragrance. In addition, there is exposure to fragrance from products that are used to scent the air, such as air fresheners and fragranced candles. In spite of this widespread use and exposure, there is little information available on the materials used in fragrance. Fragrance formulas are considered trade secrets and components that make up the fragrance portion of the product are not revealed on labels. Fragrance is increasingly cited as a trigger in health conditions such as asthma, allergies and migraine headaches. In addition, some fragrance materials have been found to accumulate in adipose tissue and are present in breast milk. Other materials are suspected of being hormone disruptors. The implications are not fully known, as there has been little evaluation of systemic effects. There are environmental concerns as well, as fragrances are volatile compounds, which add to both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Synthetic musk compounds are persistent in the environment and contaminate waterways and aquatic wildlife. At present there is little governmental regulation of fragrance. The fragrance industry has in place a system of self-regulation. However, the present system has failed to address many of the emerging concerns. Industry needs to responsibly address concerns and ensure that scented products are safe for users, those inadvertently exposed and the environment. It is essential that an industry that is, and wishes to continue to be, self-regulated should identify and address concerns in a forthright and responsible manner.

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“…HHCB is one of the most widely used polycyclic musks (Rimkus, 1999), representing (together with 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetraline (AHTN)) about 95% of the total market volume of this group of chemicals (Balk and Ford, 1999b;Rimkus, 1999). Though the use of HHCB in Europe appears to be slightly declining, it is still substantial and was 2400 tons in 1992 (Plassche and Balk, 1997), 1481tons in 1995, 1473tons in 1998(Balk et al, 2004 and 1427 tons inthe drain to wastewater treatment plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%