“…Since the first concept of MN was proposed as a drug delivery device in a US patent in 1971 by Gerstel and Place, 16 the MNs have been developed for delivery of drugs over several decades. Now, MN has been explored into various structures (out-of-plane MNs and in-plane MNs), materials (silicon, ceramic, glass, metal, and polymer), geometries (octagonal, 15 cylindrical, 17 rectangular, 18 pyramidal, 11,19–21 conical, 22,23,24 and quadrangular 25 ), and morphologies, that is, solid MN (first reported in 1971 by Gerstel and Place 16 ), hollow MN (first reported in 1971 by Gerstel and Place 16 ), dissolving MN (first reported in 2005 by Miyano et al 26 ), and coated MN (first reported in a patent in 1975 by Pistor 27 ). Meanwhile, a variety of manufacturing techniques (such as etching, micromolding techniques, and lithography) for any MNs mentioned above, comprehensively considering the factors, including materials, structures, morphologies, geometry, and size, have also been reported in numbers of literatures.…”