Polydopamine-coated biomimetic bone scaffolds loaded with exosomes promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSC and bone regeneration

Extracellular vesicles in nanomedicine and regenerative medicine: A review over the last decade

“…Moreover, exosomes have been incorporated into scaffolds that are specifically designed for tissue engineering applications, which could induce enhancing cellular responses, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation, leading to improved tissue regeneration and repair [ 50 ]. This approach has been explored extensively a wide range of tissues, including bone [ 302 , 303 ], cartilage [ 304 , 305 ], skin [ 300 , 306 ], heart [ 307 , 308 ], liver [ 309 ], endometrium [ 310 ], and kidney [ 311 , 312 ].…”

The Impact of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Scaffold Enrichment on Bone Regeneration In Vivo—A Systematic Review

“…After a thorough examination, 94 studies were excluded based on the reasons outlined in Supplementary Table S2. Ultimately, 12 studies [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] met the criteria and were included in the present systematic review.…”

“…The eligible articles included in this review were original papers published between 2009 and 2023. Among them, four studies were performed using rabbits [33,34,37,39], while eight studies used rats as animal models [28][29][30][31][32]35,36,38]. Animals had bone defects created either on the calvaria [28][29][30][31][32]35,36], femur [38], mandible [34,37], or radial bone [33,39] (Table 1).…”

“…Among them, four studies were performed using rabbits [33,34,37,39], while eight studies used rats as animal models [28][29][30][31][32]35,36,38]. Animals had bone defects created either on the calvaria [28][29][30][31][32]35,36], femur [38], mandible [34,37], or radial bone [33,39] (Table 1). Most of the studies used calvaria critical-sized defects with a diameter ranging between 5 and 7.5 mm in rats, and radial bone defects in rabbits, with a diameter of 7 mm, created by drilling circular, unilateral, or bilateral defects.…”

“…Three other studies used microRNA [35] and/or microRNA inhibitors [31,36]. The remaining studies used insulin [37], RGD peptide [38], and BMSC exosomes [39] as bioactive molecules to investigate accelerated bone regeneration.…”