Polyetheretherketone and Its Composites for Bone Replacement and Regeneration

Liao, Chengzhu; Li, Yuchao; Tjong, Sie Chin

doi:10.3390/polym12122858

Cited by 99 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 233 publications

(408 reference statements)

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“…These kinds of polymers possess great potential to replace conventional metal materials because of their high strength-to-weight ratios, especially for the aviation and space industry [ 5 ]. In addition, because of their good biochemical properties and radio transparency [ 6 , 7 ], PEEK and its composites have been increasingly employed in medical implants, such as dental screws [ 8 ] and bone replacement [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Finishing of FDM-Fabricated Amorphous Polyetheretherketone and Its Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite by Dry Milling

2021

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In recent years, many investigations have been devoted to fused deposition modeling (FDM) of high-performance polymer-polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK (CF/PEEK) for biomedical and aerospace applications. However, the staircase effect naturally brought about by FDM restricts further applications of 3D-printed PEEK and its composites in high-temperature molds, medical implants, and precision components, which require better or customized surface qualities. Hence, this work aimed to reduce the staircase effect and improve the surface quality of 3D-printed PEEK and CF/PEEK parts by dry milling of the fluctuant exterior surface. The co-dependency between 3D printing parameters (raster angle and layer thickness) and milling parameters (depth of cut, spindle speed, and feed rate per tooth) were investigated through experiments. The difference in removal mechanisms for PEEK and CF/PEEK was revealed. It was confirmed that the smearing effect enhanced the surface quality based on the morphology analysis and the simulation model. Both the raster angle of +45°/−45° and the small layer thickness could improve the surface quality of these 3D-printed polymers after dry milling. A large depth of cut and a large feed rate per tooth were likely to deteriorate the finished polymer surface. The spindle speed could influence the morphologies without significant changes in roughness values. Finally, a demonstration was performed to verify that dry milling of 3D-printed amorphous PEEK and CF/PEEK parts could lead to a high surface quality for critical requirements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Finishing of FDM-Fabricated Amorphous Polyetheretherketone and Its Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite by Dry Milling

2021

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“…However, these will be accompanied by several complications, such as chronic pain, disease transmission and immune rejection [ 3 ]. Furthermore, traditional non-bioabsorbable implants, including titanium alloy, poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), are reported to lead to long-term in-situ problems like osteolysis [ [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] ]. Traditional non-bioabsorbable materials are removed via secondary surgery, while bioabsorbable bone substitute materials are biodegradable and can be further metabolized without harmless substantial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biologically modified implantation as therapeutic bioabsorbable materials for bone defect repair

et al. 2022

Regenerative Therapy

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For decades, researches have concentrated on the mechanical properties, biodegradation, and biocompatibility of implants used in the therapy of large size bone defect. In vivo studies demonstrate that bioabsorbable bone substitute materials can reduce the risk of common symptoms such as inflammation and osteonecrosis caused by bio-inert materials after long-term implantation. Several organic, inorganic, and composite materials have been approved for clinical application, based on their unique characteristics and advantages. Although some artificial bioabsorbable bone substitute materials have been used for years, there are still some disadvantages existing, such as low mechanical strength, high brittleness, and low degradation rate. Therefore, novel bioabsorbable composite materials biomaterials have been developed for bone defect repair. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of artificial bioabsorbable bone substitute materials and highlight the advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, recent advances in bioabsorbable bone substitute materials used in bone defect repair are outlined. Finally, we discuss current challenges and further developments in the clinical application of bioabsorbable bone substitute materials.

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“…Unfortunately, it is also considered the most expensive among other types, which limits its commercial dissemination [ 60 , 106 ]. It has great strength and a low Young’s modulus, comparable to human bone [ 104 , 186 ], which allows for an equal dispersion of induced stress and limits osteolysis [ 187 ]. It is also radiolucent and CT and MRI compatible, and due to its properties, it can be sterilized and re-sterilized in an autoclave without deformations [ 188 ].…”

Section: 3d Cranioplastymentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Cranioplasty—A Systematic Review of 3D Printing in Medicine

et al. 2022

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The high cost of biofabricated titanium mesh plates can make them out of reach for hospitals in low-income countries. To increase the availability of cranioplasty, the authors of this work investigated the production of polymer-based endoprostheses. Recently, cheap, popular desktop 3D printers have generated sufficient opportunities to provide patients with on-demand and on-site help. This study also examines the technologies of 3D printing, including SLM, SLS, FFF, DLP, and SLA. The authors focused their interest on the materials in fabrication, which include PLA, ABS, PET-G, PEEK, and PMMA. Three-dimensional printed prostheses are modeled using widely available CAD software with the help of patient-specific DICOM files. Even though the topic is insufficiently researched, it can be perceived as a relatively safe procedure with a minimal complication rate. There have also been some initial studies on the costs and legal regulations. Early case studies provide information on dozens of patients living with self-made prostheses and who are experiencing significant improvements in their quality of life. Budget 3D-printed endoprostheses are reliable and are reported to be significantly cheaper than the popular counterparts manufactured from polypropylene polyester.

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Polyetheretherketone and Its Composites for Bone Replacement and Regeneration

Cited by 99 publications

References 233 publications

Surface Finishing of FDM-Fabricated Amorphous Polyetheretherketone and Its Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite by Dry Milling

Surface Finishing of FDM-Fabricated Amorphous Polyetheretherketone and Its Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite by Dry Milling

Biologically modified implantation as therapeutic bioabsorbable materials for bone defect repair

Low-Cost Cranioplasty—A Systematic Review of 3D Printing in Medicine

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