Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottle-to-Bottle Recycling for the Beverage Industry: A Review

Benyathiar, Patnarin; Kumar, Pankaj; Carpenter, Gregory S.; Brace, John G.; Mishra, Dharmendra Kumar

doi:10.3390/polym14122366

Cited by 234 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most favorable packaging materials, thanks to its light weight, clarity, and barrier properties against moisture and oxygen [4]. PET packaging represents almost half of single-serve beverage packaging and 12% of global solid waste [5]. The consequences of the worldwide use of plastic on the environment are important, especially in landfills and oceans, and the urge to develop efficient recycling solutions is central to the scientific community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Bottle Grade PET: Influence of HDPE Contamination on the Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of 3D Printed Parts

et al. 2022

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As part of a project that aims to provide people with disabilities with simple assistive devices in Colombia, the possibility of creating a PET filament that can be printed by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) from beverage bottle waste was investigated, with the aim to remain as simple as possible in terms of plastic collection, sorting, processing, and printing. Recycled PET filaments were thus produced by extrusion from collected PET bottles, with the potential addition of HDPE, which comes from caps and rings. The microstructure, mechanical performance, and printing quality of parts produced with these filaments were investigated in comparison to commercial PET virgin and recycled filaments. HDPE presence as an immiscible blend did not affect the ease of extrusion or the quality of the printing, which were all satisfactory. In some conditions, the addition of 5%wt of HDPE to recycled PET had a toughening effect on otherwise brittle samples. This behavior was attributed to the presence of elongated HDPE inclusions resulting from shear forces induced by the layer-by-layer printing, provided that the interface temperature remained high between layer depositions. This confirms that the mechanical performance of recycled PET is very sensitive to the processing conditions, especially in the case of 3D printing. Nonetheless, this low-cost process that did not require sophisticated compatibilization schemes allowed for the printing of parts with mechanical properties comparable to those obtained with high purity, commercially recycled filaments, opening interesting perspectives for a low-cost PET recycling process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Bottle Grade PET: Influence of HDPE Contamination on the Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of 3D Printed Parts

et al. 2022

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“…66 Another key aspect required is the better design enhancement of bottle production to incorporate recycling. 68 All of the major tire manufacturers have reported their utilization of PET bottle waste for its sustainable tires.…”

Section: ■ Sustainable Reinforcing Fillers and Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bottle recycling poses the challenge of contamination from the labels, adhesives, and colorants. Because several PET recycling review articles are available, ,− we will look more into the recent technological advancements. PET depolymerization via neutral hydrolysis is one such interesting example utilizing the natural bacteria present in the marine environment .…”

Section: Sustainable Reinforcing Fillers and Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is various research wherein strategies to improve enzymatic PET depolymerization are discussed including enzyme modification, interaction enhancement, and reaction condition optimization . Another key aspect required is the better design enhancement of bottle production to incorporate recycling . All of the major tire manufacturers have reported their utilization of PET bottle waste for its sustainable tires.…”

Section: Sustainable Reinforcing Fillers and Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Road to Sustainable Tire Materials: Current State-of-the-Art and Future Prospectives

Thomas

Sancaktar

2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The development of a 100% sustainable tire has emerged as a milestone for several tire companies across the globe. It has created new commercial opportunities for the biobased, renewable, and recycled polymer materials. However, there are concerns that the incorporation of such sustainable new materials may have an undesirable impact on the main performance properties of the tire. At the same time, with new capabilities and product innovations, it can help us meet society’s need in a more sustainable fashion and protect the environment. This Feature first outlines the opportunities and need for sustainable tire materials. Next, it describes the main types of sustainable material attributes in tire material, elastomers, reinforcing agents, fibers, and plasticizers, among a few others. The challenges to achieving the performance properties are discussed with possible design guidelines. Recent approaches to the tire attributes are described in the form of a meticulous overview of the existing literature, with a critical analysis of some of them. This contribution attempts to highlight, in a comprehensive way, sustainable tire materials on the basis of recent research advancements, existing challenges, and prospective future scope in this field.

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“…PET is the fourth most-produced thermoplastic with a production of more than 73 million tons in 2020 [ 4 ]. For the reason of being lightweight, transparent, and virtually indestructible, PET has a huge stake in drinking water and soft drink bottles [ 5 ] that have resulted in the production of 583.3 billion PET bottles in 2021 [ 6 ] PET is not directly toxic material for the environment but PET bottles take around 450 years to degrade, resulting in the generation of billions of disposable drinking bottles as post-consumer PET (POSTC-PET) waste [ 7 ]. Furthermore, PET is a petroleum-derived material, its recycling should be implemented for environmental sustainability and it can provide raw material to many industries, contributing to the conservation of high-cost petrochemical raw materials and energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization and Kinetic Evaluation for Glycolytic Depolymerization of Post-Consumer PET Waste with Sodium Methoxide

2023

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Glycolysis of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste is a promising chemical recycling technique, back to the monomer, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). This work presents sodium methoxide (MeONa) as a low-cost catalyst for this purpose. BHET product was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, melting point, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). It was shown, not surprisingly, that PET conversion increases with the glycolysis temperature. At a fixed temperature of 190 °C, the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design was applied. Four independent factors, namely the molar ratio of PET: MeONa (50–150), the molar ratio of ethylene glycol to PET (EG: PET) (3–7), the reaction time (2–6 h), and the particle size (0.25–1 mm) were studied. Based on the experimental results, regression models as a function of significant process factors were obtained and evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA), to predict the depolymerization performance of MeONa in terms of PET conversion. Coefficient of determination, R2 of 95% indicated the adequacy for predicted model. Afterward, the regression model was validated and optimized within the design space with a prediction of 87% PET conversion at the optimum conditions demonstrating a deviation of less than 5% from predicted response. A van ‘t Hoff plot confirmed the endothermic nature of the depolymerization reaction. The ceiling temperature (TC = 160 °C) was calculated from Gibbs’ free energy. A kinetic study for the depolymerization reaction was performed and the activation energy for MeONa was estimated from the Arrhenius plot (EA = 130 kJ/mol). The catalytic depolymerization efficiency of MeONa was compared under similar conditions with widely studied zinc acetate and cobalt acetate. This study shows that MeONa’s performance, as a glycolysis catalyst is promising; in addition, it is much cheaper and environmentally more benign than heavy metal salts. These findings make a valuable contribution towards the chemical recycling of post-consumer PET waste to meet future recycling demands of a circular economy.

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Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottle-to-Bottle Recycling for the Beverage Industry: A Review

Cited by 234 publications

References 94 publications

Recycling of Bottle Grade PET: Influence of HDPE Contamination on the Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of 3D Printed Parts

Recycling of Bottle Grade PET: Influence of HDPE Contamination on the Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of 3D Printed Parts

The Road to Sustainable Tire Materials: Current State-of-the-Art and Future Prospectives

Optimization and Kinetic Evaluation for Glycolytic Depolymerization of Post-Consumer PET Waste with Sodium Methoxide

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