“…Depending on how the smoothing domain is defined, nodebased, cell-based, edge-based, and face-based smoothed FEM have been proposed. Each S-FEM has different characteristics and performance depending on the smoothing domain, and it is generally known that edge-based S-FEM (ES-FEM) is the most effective [19][20][21][22]. The solution accuracy of the ES-FEM is more accurate compared to the ST-FEM, especially when the same lower order element mesh is used, and unlike other methods such as EX-FEM and EN-FEM, no additional degrees of freedoms (DOFs) are required [6,8,11,25].…”