Does nonverbal behavior contribute to cognitive as well as affective components of teaching? We examine here one type of nonverbal behavior: spontaneous gestures that accompany talk. Eight teachers were asked to instruct 49 children individually on mathematical equivalence as it applies to addition. All teachers used gesture to convey problem-solving strategies. The gestured strategies either reinforced (matched) or differed from (mismatched) strategies conveyed in speech. Children were more likely to reiterate teacher speech if it was accompanied by matching gesture than by no gesture at all and less likely to reiterate teacher speech if it was accompanied by mismatching gesture than by no gesture at all. Moreover, children were able to glean problem-solving strategies from the teachers' gestures and recast them into their own speech. Not only do teachers produce gestures that express task-relevant information, but their students take notice.

Highlights Shows updated understanding of SARS-CoV-2, including the interaction between ACE 2 and the viral spike protein. More effective vaccines are required for immunocompromised cancer patients. Cancer alters the immune system through different levels of D-Dimer, albumin, prothrombin, and neutrophils. Nanomaterials assist vaccine delivery, including viral vector and mRNA vaccines with lipid nanoparticles.

In total, 31% of older patients with multimorbidity were non-adherent to their medication but adherence levels varied across treatment categories and chronic conditions.

Biportal endoscopic spine surgery (BESS) is extending its application to most kind of spine surgeries. Postoperative spinal epidural hematoma (POSEH) is one of the major concerns of this emerging technique. Through this study we aim to investigate the incidence of POSEH in BESS comparing to a conventional spine surgery (CSS). The patients who underwent a non-fusion decompressive spine surgery due to degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) or herniated lumbar disc (HLD) or both between January 2015 and March 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The incidence of clinical POSEH that demanded a revision surgery for hematoma evacuation was compared between CSS and BESS. As a second endpoint, the morphometric degree of POSEH was compared between the two groups. The maximal compression of cauda equina by POSEH was measured by 4 grade scale at the T2 axial image and the neurological state was evaluated by 5 grade scale. The indication of hematoma evacuation was more than hG3 with more than nG1. As a subgroup analysis, risk factors of POSEH in BESS were investigated. The 2 groups were homogenous in age, sex, number and level of operated segments. There was significant difference in the incidence of symptomatic POSEH as 2/142 (1.4%) in CSS and 8/95 (8.4%) in BESS (P = .016). The radiological thecal sac compression by hematoma was hG1 65 (61.3%), hG2 35 (33.0%), hG3 5 (4.7%), hG4 1 (0.9%) cases in CSS and hG1 33 (39.8%), hG2 25 (30.1%), hG3 22 (26.5%), hG4 3 cases (3.6%) in BESS. The difference was significant (P < .001). In BESS subgroup analysis, the risk factor of high grade POSEH was bilateral laminectomy (OR = 8.893, P = .023). The incidence of clinical and morphometric POSEH was higher in BESS. In BESS, POSEH developed more frequently in bilateral laminectomy than unilateral laminectomy.

Gastric adenomatous polyps should be removed by endoscopic resection regardless of histopathological type. ESD is a useful method for complete resection of gastric adenomas, regardless of size and location.