Successful intracellular delivery
of genes requires an efficient
carrier, as genes by themselves cannot diffuse across cell membranes.
Because of the toxicity and immunogenicity of viral vectors, nonviral
vectors are gaining tremendous interest in research. In this work,
we have investigated the temperature-dependent DNA condensation efficiency
of various compositions of a thermosensitive block copolymer viz.,
poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl
methacrylate) (PNIPA-b-PDMAEMA). Three different
copolymer compositions of varying molecular weights were successfully
synthesized via the RAFT polymerization technique. Steady-state fluorescence
and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies, dynamic light scattering
(DLS) and zeta potential measurements, agarose gel electrophoresis,
and atomic force microscopy techniques were utilized to study the
interaction of the copolymers with DNA at temperatures above and below
the critical aggregation temperature (CAT). All these
experiments revealed that, above the CAT, there was
formation of highly stable and tight polymer–DNA complexes
(polyplexes). The size of polyplexes was dependent on the temperature
up to a certain charge ratio, as determined by the DLS results. The
results obtained from temperature-dependent fluorescence spectroscopy,
CD, and gel electrophoresis indicated that the DNA molecules were
shielded more from aqueous exposure above the CAT because of the formation of relatively more compact complexes. The
polyplexes also exhibited changes in the particle morphology below
and above the CAT, with particles generated above CAT being more spherical in morphology. These results suggested
at the possibility of modulating the complex formation by temperature
modification. The present biophysical studies would provide new physical
insight into the design of novel gene carriers.