Water electrolysis
powered by renewable energies is a promising
technology to produce sustainable fossil free fuels. The development
and evaluation of effective catalysts are here imperative; however,
due to the inclusion of elements with different redox properties and
reactivity, these materials undergo dynamical changes and phase transformations
during the reaction conditions. NiMoO
4
is currently investigated
among other metal oxides as a promising noble metal free catalyst
for the oxygen evolution reaction. Here we show that at applied bias,
NiMoO
4
·H
2
O transforms into γ-NiOOH.
Time resolved
operando
Raman spectroscopy is utilized
to follow the potential dependent phase transformation and is collaborated
with elemental analysis of the electrolyte, confirming that molybdenum
leaches out from the as-synthesized NiMoO
4
·H
2
O. Molybdenum leaching increases the surface coverage of exposed
nickel sites, and this in combination with the formation of γ-NiOOH
enlarges the amount of active sites of the catalyst, leading to high
current densities. Additionally, we discovered different NiMoO
4
nanostructures, nanoflowers, and nanorods, for which the
relative ratio can be influenced by the heating ramp during the synthesis.
With selective molybdenum etching we were able to assign the varying
X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern as well as Raman vibrations unambiguously
to the two nanostructures, which were revealed to exhibit different
stabilities in alkaline media by time-resolved
in situ
and
operando
Raman spectroscopy. We advocate that
a similar approach can beneficially be applied to many other catalysts,
unveiling their structural integrity, characterize the dynamic surface
reformulation, and resolve any ambiguities in interpretations of the
active catalyst phase.