Polyphenol oxidase and herbivore defense in trembling aspen (<i>Populus tremuloides</i>): cDNA cloning, expression, and potential substrates

Haruta, Miyoshi; Pedersen, Jens A.; Constabel, C. Peter

doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120413.x

Cited by 75 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Degradation of stilbenes may benefit bark beetles by improving the quality of substrate available for feeding their larvae, since the stilbenes remaining in the bark could be toxic. For example, the catechol groups present in the astringin core structure may be spontaneously or enzymatically rearranged to form reactive quinones (Haruta et al, 2001;Lin et al, 2010) under the semialkaline conditions prevailing in beetle guts (Balogun, 1969). These quinones can then alkylate reactive nucleophiles such as sulfhydryl and amino groups in proteins or amino acids (Felton et al, 1992;Son et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Common Fungal Associate of the Spruce Bark Beetle Metabolizes the Stilbene Defenses of Norway Spruce

et al. 2013

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Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests suffer periodic fatal attacks by the bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal associate, Ceratocystis polonica. Norway spruce protects itself against fungal and bark beetle invasion by the production of terpenoid resins, but it is unclear whether resins or other defenses are effective against the fungus. We investigated stilbenes, a group of phenolic compounds found in Norway spruce bark with a diaryl-ethene skeleton with known antifungal properties. During C. polonica infection, stilbene biosynthesis was up-regulated, as evidenced by elevated transcript levels of stilbene synthase genes. However, stilbene concentrations actually declined during infection, and this was due to fungal metabolism. C. polonica converted stilbenes to ring-opened, deglycosylated, and dimeric products. Chromatographic separation of C. polonica protein extracts confirmed that these metabolites arose from specific fungal enzyme activities. Comparison of C. polonica strains showed that rapid conversion of host phenolics is associated with higher virulence. C. polonica is so well adapted to its host’s chemical defenses that it is even able to use host phenolic compounds as its sole carbon source.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Common Fungal Associate of the Spruce Bark Beetle Metabolizes the Stilbene Defenses of Norway Spruce

et al. 2013

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“…We also found that neither galled nor control chestnut oak tissues contained PPO, although we have measured vigorous PPO activity in tissues from other plant species under the same analytical conditions. Although PPO is present in a number of plants (Richard-Forget and Gauillard, 1997;Shin et al, 1997;Halder et al, 1998) and could reinforce some anti-herbivore functions of POX (Felton et al, 1994;Haruta et al, 2001), it may be absent (Grisebach, 1981) or difficult to extract from some plant tissues (Hsu et al, 1988;Burton and Kirchmann, 1997). We have found previously that PPO activity is low or absent in the leaves of chestnut oak (H. M. Appel and J. C. Schultz, unpublished data), and conclude that this enzyme either is not present in chestnut oak tissue, is present in an inactive form, or is not detectable using the methods employed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical Responses of Chestnut Oak to a Galling Cynipid

Allison

Schultz

2005

J Chem Ecol

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Abstract-We characterized the distribution of nutritional and defensive biochemical traits in galls elicited on chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) by the gall wasp Andricus petiolicolus Basse (Cynipidae) in comparison with gypsy moth-wounded and unwounded leaves. Gall cortex and epidermis exhibited elevated soluble peroxidase (POX) and soluble invertase activities, and greater condensed tannin concentrations than did nutritive tissues or leaves. Nutritive tissue, on which the insect feeds, contained few polyphenols, and lower POX and invertase activities compared with other gall tissues and leaves. Elevated total POX activity arose from a complex pattern of enhanced and suppressed isoform activities in galls. Invertase enzyme activity decreased in all tissues over the course of the 7-d study, although gypsy moth wounding suppressed this decline slightly in ungalled leaves. Our results indicate that the distribution of biochemical defenses in this typical cynipid gall differs significantly from the leaf tissue from which it is formed and support a role for invertases in establishing the gall as a sink. A. petiolicolus larvae do not induce, and may suppress, plant defense responses in nutritive tissue, while enzymatic activity and phenolic accumulation are enhanced in gall tissues surrounding feeding sites. These patterns suggest that the gall is manipulated by the insect to enhance its food and protective value.

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“…The high DNA sequence similarity between poplars and aspens (Constabel et al, 2000;Haruta et al, 2001b) allowed us to make use of the aspen EST clone, identified as highly homologous to the RALF peptide, to design PCR primers. Using a poplar cDNA Table I…”

Section: Cloning and Characterization Of Ralf Cdnas From Poplarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Alkalinization Factors in Poplar Cell Cultures. Peptide Isolation, cDNA Cloning, and Differential Expression in Leaves and Methyl Jasmonate-Treated Cells

Haruta

Constabel

2003

Plant Physiology

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A family of peptides inducing rapid pH alkalinization in hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa ϫ Populus deltoides) cell culture medium was isolated from hybrid poplar leaves. Five related approximately 5-kD peptides were purified by highperformance liquid chromatography and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry. The N-terminal sequence of one of the isolated peptides was very similar to a previously characterized peptide from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), rapid alkalinization factor (RALF), which causes a rapid increase in culture medium pH when added to tobacco cell cultures (G. Pearce, D.S. Moura, J. Stratmann, C.A. Ryan [2001] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 12843-12847). Two unique poplar RALF cDNAs (PtdRALF1 and PtdRALF2) were isolated from a poplar cDNA library and used to study RALF expression in poplar saplings and cultured poplar cells. Both genes were found to be expressed constitutively in poplar saplings and cultured cells. However, PtdRALF2 was expressed in leaves at very low levels, and its expression in suspension culture cells was transiently suppressed by methyl jasmonate (MeJa). Although the function of these novel peptides remains enigmatic, our experiments suggest their role may be developmental rather than stress related. Overall, our study confirms the presence of active RALF peptides in other plants, and provides new data on the complexity of the RALF gene family in poplar.An essential feature of all plant cells is the electrochemical proton gradient across the plasma membrane, generated by the plasma membrane H ϩ -ATPase, which uses ATP to pump H ϩ outside the cell. This H ϩ gradient is important for many physiological processes including ion uptake, solute transport, and cell wall growth (Sanders and Bethke, 2000). Moreover, transient changes in extracellular or intracellular concentrations of H ϩ , and the accompanying plasma membrane depolarization or hyperpolarization, are implicated in the rapid responses of cells to environmental stimuli; for example, changes in turgor, gravity, and pathogen attack (Blumwald et al., 1998;Felix et al., 1999Felix et al., , 2000Johannes et al., 2001). A common observation is the rapid alkalinization of the extracellular solution, which can be conveniently observed in suspension cell cultures; as a consequence, stress-induced culture medium alkalinization has become a useful tool for monitoring the rapid events that accompany stress signal transduction (Felix et al., 1993; Blumwald et al., 1998;Schaller and Oecking, 1999). Depending on the system, these rapid increases in medium pH could potentially be caused by several mechanisms, including activation of K ϩ /H ϩ antiporters, H ϩ /solute cotransporters, and other ion channels, as well as an inhibition of the plasma membrane H ϩ -ATPase (Mathieu et al., 1993).The response of cells to plant pathogens and pathogen-derived signal molecules called elicitors has been extensively studied using changes in culture medium pH. For example, glycoproteins, peptides, sterols, lipo-chitoo...

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Polyphenol oxidase and herbivore defense in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides): cDNA cloning, expression, and potential substrates

Cited by 75 publications

References 31 publications

A Common Fungal Associate of the Spruce Bark Beetle Metabolizes the Stilbene Defenses of Norway Spruce

A Common Fungal Associate of the Spruce Bark Beetle Metabolizes the Stilbene Defenses of Norway Spruce

Biochemical Responses of Chestnut Oak to a Galling Cynipid

Rapid Alkalinization Factors in Poplar Cell Cultures. Peptide Isolation, cDNA Cloning, and Differential Expression in Leaves and Methyl Jasmonate-Treated Cells

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