Polyphenolics and Chemical Profiles of Domestic Norwegian Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Cultivars

Abstract

Using modern analytical techniques, a comprehensive study of the chemical composition of fruits from apple cultivars grown in Western Norway during 2019 and 2020 was done. Metals, sugars, organic acids, antioxidant tests, and polyphenol content have been observed. In all investigated samples, the most dominant sugars were glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Among 11 tested organic acids, the dominant was malic acid, followed by citric and maleic acid. The most common metal was potassium, followed by magnesium and zinc. The quantification of polyphenols showed that among the 11 quantified polyphenols, chlorogenic acid, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin, and phlorizin were the most abundant. A detailed study of the polyphenolic profile of nine investigated apple samples provided 30 identified polyphenolic compounds from the class of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and dihydrochalcones. In addition to the identified 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, its two isomers of 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and three esters were also found. Present polyphenols of the tested apples provided significant data on the quality of Norwegian apples, and they contribute to the distinguishing of these apple samples.

Breakthrough Analysis of Chemical Composition and Applied Chemometrics of European Plum Cultivars Grown in Norway

“…Inductively coupled plasma with optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for the determination of elements in sample extracts [37,38]. The instrument consisted Thermo Scientific iCAP 6500 Duo ICP (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cambridge, United Kingdom) spectrometer equipped with RACID86 Charge Injector Device (CID) detector.…”

“…High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) was used for sugars and organic acids determination using ICS 3000 DP liquid chromatograph (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and analytical columns Carbo Pac PA100 (4 × 250 mm) and IonPac AS15, 4 × 250 mm, respectively (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) [35,36]. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system with diode array detection and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD MS/MS) was used for quantification of phenolic compounds in sample extract by using equipment Dionex Ultimate 3000 UHPLC, TSQ Quantum Access Max triple quadruple (QqQ) mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) [37,38]). Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used for the measurement of the antioxidant activity of sample extracts.…”

“…For each analysis, samples were measured in duplicate. Further preparation of sample extracts was in accordance with the procedures for each method's measurements, previously described in our recent studies [37,38].…”

Phenolic Compounds as Phytochemical Tracers of Varietal Origin of Some Autochthonous Apple Cultivars Grown in Serbia

“…The quantification was supported with a diode array detector (DAD), prior to the mass spectrometer. This is a method of choice for the quantification of phenolic acids and flavonoids [ 3 , 12 , 14 , 27 ].…”

“…There are several studies investigating the anti-inflammatory activity of apple phenolic compounds. Some dihydrochalcones, such as phloretin-2′- O -xyloglucoside and phloretin-2′- O -glucoside (phlorizin) have been only found in apple samples [ 13 , 14 ]. The phenolic compound content in apple leaves depends on the cultivar, soil, fertilization, ecological and growing conditions, the production type, time of leaves gathering, health status, and others [ 15 , 16 ].…”