Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds—Biochemistry and Functionality

Shi, John; Yu, Jianmel; Pohorly, Joseph; Kakùda, Yukio

doi:10.1089/109662003772519831

Cited by 696 publications

(539 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The main phenolic compounds reported in the residue composed by the grape skin and seeds are catechins, epicatechins, and gallic acid, in addition to several other phenolic acids (LAFKA et al, 2007). In the individual seeds, the most abundant phenolic compounds include catechins, epicatechins and also dimeric and trimeric procyanidins (SHI et al, 2003). Thus, the grape and its by-products are important sources of antioxidants with potential for use in the food processing industry and animal production.…”

Section: Animal Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of omega-3 enriched fat

et al. 2017

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The objective of this study was to assess the effects of including grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of body fat enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. Four treatments were compared: T1) Control diet based on corn and soybean meal; T2) Diet with inclusion of 3% of a canola (50%) and flaxseed (50%) oil blend; T3) Diet with inclusion of 3% of the oil blend and sequential levels of 3 and 5% of grape pomace; T4) Diet with inclusion of 3% of the oil blend and sequential levels of 6 and 10% of grape pomace. Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet led to an increase (P<0.10) of a* value and color saturation index of meat. The omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of backfat were increased (P>0.10) with dietary inclusion of oils blend. Neither the inclusion of the oil blend, nor the grape pomace had any effect (P>0.10) on the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the loin samples, despite the higher PUFA content in the fat of pigs fed the oil blend. Antioxidant effect of grape pomace was not possible to prove when measured by TBARS, but the increased redness of the pork from pigs fed with this ingredient suggested a possible antioxidant effect of grape pomace.

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Section: Animal Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of omega-3 enriched fat

et al. 2017

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“…32) Many of the chemoprotective effects of phenolics, such as procyanidins, are related to the scavenging actions of oxygen radicals, and include resistance to lipid peroxidation, 31,33) antioxidation of low density lipoproteins, 4,5,34) and protection against damage from UV or -ray irradiation. 35,36) Our results regarding the scavenging capacities of hawthorn extracts and related compounds for O 2 À and OH radicals are shown in Table 2.…”

Section: Antioxidant Activities Of Hawthorn Extracts and Related Compmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphenolic Content and Physiological Activities of Chinese Hawthorn Extracts

Cui

Nakamura

Tian

et al. 2006

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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Hawthorn polyphenol (HP) was prepared by ethyl acetate treatment of the ethanol extract (HE) of Chinese hawthorn fruit. The concentrations of 15 polyphenols in the HP, HE, extraction residue (HJ), and a hawthorn leaf extract (HF) were determined by HPLC. For HP, the total content of the 15 polyphenols was 21.4%, comprised of 19.7% of procyanidins, 1.21% of chlorogenic acid, and 0.48% of flavonoids, compared to 2.55% for the HE. The yields of procyanidin monomer, dimer, trimer, tetramer, and pentamer were 50.5%, 30.3%, 23.0%, 14.6%, and 12.5% respectively, and the mean degree of polymerization was reduced to 1.39 (HP) from 1.65 (HE). Seven different physiological actions of the four extracts were investigated. The HP showed strong O 2 À and OH scavenging capacities (IC 50 values of 6.3 g/ml and 1.1 g/ml respectively), as well as selective prolyl endopeptidase inhibition (IC 50 of 60 g/ml). The active constituents appeared to be procyanidins.Key words: Crataegus pinnatifida; HPLC; procyanidin; antioxidant; free radicalsIn Europe, standardized extracts of the leaves and flowers of Crataegus oxyacantha and Crataegus monogyna are used in the therapy for moderate (NYHA II) congestive heart failure. 1,2) These extracts exert several pharmacological and clinical effects, such as antiischemia/reperfusion-injury, anti-arrhythmic, hypolipidemic, and hypotensive effects. 1,2) Flavonoids and procyanidins are considered to be the two main active constituents. 2) Species of Chinese hawthorn, particularly Crataegus pinnatifida and Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major NE Br., have also been used as herbal medicines. 2,3) Studies indicate that Chinese hawthorn extracts have beneficial effects, such as antioxidant, 4,5) anti-inflammatory, 6) and hypolipidemic effects, 7) as well as protective effects on the brain and vascular endothelium 8,9) and endothelium-dependent relaxation. 10) Recently, we analyzed 37 major cultivars of Chinese hawthorn using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and found that procyanidins, which were present in high concentrations, were the main phenolic active constituents in these fruits. 11) In general, the hawthorn found in China is an edible fruit that is popular for its special acidic taste. It is bigger than its European counterpart. Since the content of organic acid in Chinese hawthorn fruits can be up to 5% (fresh weight), they are used to produce various foods, such as jams, jellies, juices, tinned foods, wines, and various sweet foods. However, the high sugar content of these fruits counteracts the benefits of polyphenols for consumers of advanced age or for those who suffer from hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes. Hence, it is desirable to separate the polyphenol and sugar components. Previously, hawthorn extract (HE) for medical applications were ethanol-extracted from the dried fruit of the Chinese hawthorn. 12) These crude extracts contain many undesirable substances, such as carbohydrates, organic acids, and moisture, which not only reduce the concentration of acti...

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“…Derived from seeds of grapes (Vitis vinifera), grape seed procyanidin extract (GSE) has been shown to have antioxidant capabilities 20 and 50 times that of vitamin C and E, respectively (1). Widely available as a health food supplement, GSE is used to improve cardiovascular health, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and chronic venous insufficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grape Seed Procyanidin Extract Mediates Antineoplastic Effects against Lung Cancer via Modulations of Prostacyclin and 15-HETE Eicosanoid Pathways

Mao

Smoake

Park

et al. 2016

Cancer Prevention Research

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Grape seed procyanidin extract (GSE) has been reported to exert antineoplastic properties via the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) eicosanoid pathways. In addition, ample data link carcinogenesis to inflammatory events involving other major eicosanoid metabolic pathways, including prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). We therefore evaluated the effects of GSE on prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS)/PGI 2 and 15-lipoxigenase-2 (15-LOX-2)/15-HETE productions by human lung premalignant and malignant cells and correlated the findings with antiproliferative or proapoptotic effects of GSE. The effects of GSE on PGI 2 and 15-HETE productions by human bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells ex vivo were also determined. We further evaluated the bioactivity of oral administration of leucoselect phytosome (a standardized GSE) in the lungs of subjects participating in a lung cancer chemoprevention trial, by comparing the antiproliferative effects of coculturing matched pre-versus posttreatment BAL fluids with lung premalignant and malignant cells. GSE significantly increased PGI 2 (as measured by 6-keto PGF1a) and 15-HETE productions by these cells. Transfections of PTGIS or 15-LOX-2-specific siRNA partially abrogated the antiproliferative or proapoptotic effects of GSE in lung premalignant and malignant cells, respectively. GSE also increased PTGIS and inhibition of caspase-3, and transfection of 15-LOX-2 siRNA abrogated the GSEinduced apoptosis in A549 cells. In addition, culture supernatants from ex vivo GSE-treated baseline BAL cells, as well as BAL fluids from subjects treated with leucoselect phytosome, significantly decreased proliferations of lung premalignant and malignant cells. Our findings support the continued investigation of GSE as an anti-neoplastic and chemopreventive agent against lung cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 9(12); 925-32. Ó2016 AACR.

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Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds—Biochemistry and Functionality

Cited by 696 publications

References 34 publications

Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of omega-3 enriched fat

Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of omega-3 enriched fat

Polyphenolic Content and Physiological Activities of Chinese Hawthorn Extracts

Grape Seed Procyanidin Extract Mediates Antineoplastic Effects against Lung Cancer via Modulations of Prostacyclin and 15-HETE Eicosanoid Pathways

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