Polyphenols from artichoke heads (Cynara cardunculus (L.) subsp. scolymus Hayek): in vitro bio-accessibility, intestinal uptake and bioavailability

Abstract

Artichoke is a rich source of health promoting compounds such as polyphenols, important for their pharmaceutical and nutritional properties. In this study, the potential for bioavailability of the artichoke polyphenols was estimated by using both in vitro digestion and Caco-2 human intestinal cell models. In vitro digestive recoveries (bio-accessibility) were found to be 55.8% for total artichoke phenolics and in particular, 70.0% for chlorogenic acid, 41.3% for 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 50.3% for 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, highlighting potential sensitivity of these compounds to gastric and small intestinal digestive conditions. Uptake of artichoke polyphenols was rapid with peak accumulation occurring after 30 min with an efficiency of 0.16%, according to the poor uptake of dietary polyphenols. Some compounds, such as coumaric acid, caffeic acid and caffeic acid derivatives, were also detected in the basolateral side assuming extra and intracellular esterase activities on chlorogenic acid. Only apigenin-7-O-glucoside was transported through the Caco-2 monolayer demonstrating its bioavailability to the extent of 1.15% at 60 min. In addition, permeability coefficient (Papp = 2.29 × 10(-5) cm s(-1)), involving apical to basolateral transport of apigenin 7-O-glucoside, was calculated to facilitate estimation of transport through the Caco-2 monolayer. Finally, the mono and dicaffeoylquinic acids present in artichoke heads exert an antioxidant activity on the human low density lipoprotein system correlated to their chemical structure. In conclusion, the utilized in vitro models, although not fully responding to the morphological and physiological features of human in vivo conditions, could be a useful tool for investigating mechanistic effects of polyphenols released from the food matrix.

The antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus): A systematic review and meta‐analysis of animal studies

“…Studies on rat hepatocytes supported the antioxidant properties of artichoke leaf or head extract and its constituents against stress oxidative induced by oxidase through inhibition of increase of MDA and loss of GSH and cellular leakage of reduced glutathione levels caused by oxidase (Gebhardt, ; Gebhardt & Fausel, ; Miccadei et al, ). In addition, artichoke leaf extract protected low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol from Cu 2+ ‐mediated oxidation in vitro (Brown & Rice‐Evans, ; D'antuono, Garbetta, Linsalata, Minervini, & Cardinali, ).…”

Physicochemical properties and anthocyanin bioaccessibility of downy rose-myrtle powder prepared by superfine grinding

“…Results obtained for methanolic extracts were assumed to be 100% of polyphenols or anthocyanins contained in the downy rose-myrtle powders. The bioaccessibility of polyphenols and anthocyanins, defined as the fraction of an external dose released from their matrix in the gastrointestinal tract, [18] was calculated as follows:…”

The effect of artichoke on lipid profile: A review of possible mechanisms of action

“…Artichoke is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds deemed as beneficial for their nutritional properties [31]. The concentration of macronutrients and micronutrients found in 100 g of cooked artichoke is not nutritionally remarkable ( Table 2).…”