Polyploidy in Animals

Gregory, T. Ryan; Mable, Barbara K.

doi:10.1016/b978-012301463-4/50010-3

Cited by 161 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 257 publications

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“…Our results generally depart from other studies that have evaluated the life history consequences of ploidy elevation, which often find that polyploids develop more slowly ( e.g ., Lowcock 1994; von Well and Fossey 1998; Eliášová and Münzbergová 2014) and have larger bodies (Otto and Whitton 2000; Gregory and Mable 2005) than their diploid counterparts. Nearly all of these previous studies were different from ours in focusing on hybrid and/or plant (usually hybrid) polyploids (Mable et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of polyploidy and reproductive mode on life history trait expression

Larkin

Tucci

Neiman

2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Ploidy elevation is increasingly recognized as a common and important source of genomic variation. Even so, the consequences and biological significance of polyploidy remain unclear, especially in animals. Here, our goal was to identify potential life history costs and benefits of polyploidy by conducting a large multiyear common garden experiment in Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand freshwater snail that is a model system for the study of ploidy variation, sexual reproduction, host–parasite coevolution, and invasion ecology. Sexual diploid and asexual triploid and tetraploid P. antipodarum frequently coexist, allowing for powerful direct comparisons across ploidy levels and reproductive modes. Asexual reproduction and polyploidy are very often associated in animals, allowing us to also use these comparisons to address the maintenance of sex, itself one of the most important unresolved questions in evolutionary biology. Our study revealed that sexual diploid P. antipodarum grow and mature substantially more slowly than their asexual polyploid counterparts. We detected a strong negative correlation between the rate of growth and age at reproductive maturity, suggesting that the relatively early maturation of asexual polyploid P. antipodarum is driven by relatively rapid growth. The absence of evidence for life history differences between triploid and tetraploid asexuals indicates that ploidy elevation is unlikely to underlie the differences in trait values that we detected between sexual and asexual snails. Finally, we found that sexual P. antipodarum did not experience discernable phenotypic variance‐related benefits of sex and were more likely to die before achieving reproductive maturity than the asexuals. Taken together, these results suggest that under benign conditions, polyploidy does not impose obvious life history costs in P. antipodarum and that sexual P. antipodarum persist despite substantial life history disadvantages relative to their asexual counterparts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of polyploidy and reproductive mode on life history trait expression

Larkin

Tucci

Neiman

2016

Ecology and Evolution

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“…This may partially explain the difference between the genomes of Arabidopsis and human, which have average numbers of 4.2 and 7.8 introns per gene, respectively (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000; Sakharkar et al, 2004). Another possibility, which is not mutually exclusive, builds on the scarcity of WGDs in many groups of higher animals compared with plants (Gregory and Mable, 2005). This may favor local gene duplication mechanisms, including retroposition, in metazoa versus plants.…”

Section: Multiple and Repeated Retropositions In Arabidopsismentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollen-Specific Activation of Arabidopsis Retrogenes Is Associated with Global Transcriptional Reprogramming

Abdelsamad

Pečinka

2014

The Plant Cell

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Duplications allow for gene functional diversification and accelerate genome evolution. Occasionally, the transposon amplification machinery reverse transcribes the mRNA of a gene, integrates it into the genome, and forms an RNA-duplicated copy: the retrogene. Although retrogenes have been found in plants, their biology and evolution are poorly understood. Here, we identified 251 (216 novel) retrogenes in Arabidopsis thaliana, corresponding to 1% of protein-coding genes. Arabidopsis retrogenes are derived from ubiquitously transcribed parents and reside in gene-rich chromosomal regions. Approximately 25% of retrogenes are cotranscribed with their parents and 3% with head-to-head oriented neighbors. This suggests transcription by novel promoters for 72% of Arabidopsis retrogenes. Many retrogenes reach their transcription maximum in pollen, the tissue analogous to animal spermatocytes, where upregulation of retrogenes has been found previously. This implies an evolutionarily conserved mechanism leading to this transcription pattern of RNA-duplicated genes. During transcriptional repression, retrogenes are depleted of permissive chromatin marks without an obvious enrichment for repressive modifications. However, this pattern is common to many other pollen-transcribed genes independent of their evolutionary origin. Hence, retroposition plays a role in plant genome evolution, and the developmental transcription pattern of retrogenes suggests an analogous regulation of RNA-duplicated genes in plants and animals.

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“…Genome duplication as a mechanism of speciation is well recognized as being important in angiosperms and ferns (De Bodt et al 2005;Soltis et al 2009), but it tends to be rarer and more phylogenetically diffuse and restricted to examples of ancient genome duplication (paleopolyploidy) in animals (Gregory and Mable 2005). Moreover, genome duplication is better studied in plants than in animals, so it is likely that more examples await discovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of genome size variation in snapping shrimp

Jeffery

Hultgren

Chak

et al. 2016

Genome

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Although crustaceans vary extensively in genome size, little is known about how genome size may affect the ecology and evolution of species in this diverse group, in part due to the lack of large genome size datasets. Here we investigate interspecific, intraspecific, and intracolony variation in genome size in 39 species of Synalpheus shrimps, representing one of the largest genome size datasets for a single genus within crustaceans. We find that genome size ranges approximately 4-fold across Synalpheus with little phylogenetic signal, and is not related to body size. In a subset of these species, genome size is related to chromosome size, but not to chromosome number, suggesting that despite large genomes, these species are not polyploid. Interestingly, there appears to be 35% intraspecific genome size variation in Synalpheus idios among geographic regions, and up to 30% variation in Synalpheus duffyi genome size within the same colony.Key words: Synalpheus, genome size, C-value, polyploidy, gene duplication, chromosome. Résumé :Bien que les crustacés présentent une variation considérable en matière de taille de leurs génomes, peu de choses sont connues sur les liens entre la taille du génome et l'écologie ainsi que l'évolution des espèces au sein de ce large groupe. Cela découle en partie de l'absence de grands jeux de données. Dans ce travail, les auteurs ont étudié la variation pour la taille du génome aux niveaux interspécifique, intraspécifique et intracolonie chez 39 espèces de crevettes du genre Synalpheus, constituant ainsi l'un des plus grands jeux de données sur la taille des génomes au sein d'un seul genre parmi les crustacés. Les auteurs trouvent que la taille du génome va du simple au quadruple chez les Synalpheus, sans pour autant générer un signal phylogénétique ou qu'il y ait de lien avec la taille de l'organisme. Au sein de ce sous-ensemble d'espèces, la taille du génome est corrélée avec la taille des chromosomes mais pas leur nombre, ce qui suggère que les grands génomes ne sont pas le résultat de la polyploïdie de ces espèces. Ce qui est intéressant, c'est qu'il semble y avoir une variation intraspécifique pour la taille du génome de 35 % chez l'espèce Synalpheus idios, en fonction de l'origine géographique des spécimens, et jusqu'à 30 % au sein de spécimens du Synalpheus duffyi provenant de la même colonie. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Polyploidy in Animals

Cited by 161 publications

References 257 publications

Effects of polyploidy and reproductive mode on life history trait expression

Effects of polyploidy and reproductive mode on life history trait expression

Pollen-Specific Activation of Arabidopsis Retrogenes Is Associated with Global Transcriptional Reprogramming

Patterns of genome size variation in snapping shrimp

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