Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum attenuate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and modulate microglial phagocytosis and behavioural response

Abstract

Background Ganoderma lucidum (GL) has been widely used in Asian countries for hundreds of years to promote health and longevity. The pharmacological functions of which had been classified, including the activation of innate immune responses, suppression of tumour and modulation of cell proliferations. Effective fractions of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) had already been reported to regulate the immune system. Nevertheless, the role of GLP in the microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has not been sufficiently elucidated. Further, GLP effect on microglial behavioural modulations in correlation with the inflammatory responses remains to be unravelled. The aim of this work was to quantitatively analyse the contributions of GLP on microglia.MethodsThe BV2 microglia and primary mouse microglia were stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and amyloid beta42 (Aβ42) oligomer, respectively. Investigation on the effect of GLP was carried by quantitative determination of the microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expressions and behavioural modulations including migration, morphology and phagocytosis. Analysis of microglial morphology and phagocytosis modulations was confirmed in the zebrafish brain.ResultsQuantitative results revealed that GLP down-regulates LPS- or Aβ-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes anti-inflammatory cytokine expressions in BV-2 and primary microglia. In addition, GLP attenuates inflammation-related microglial migration, morphological alterations and phagocytosis probabilities. We also showed that modulations of microglial behavioural responses were associated with MCP-1 and C1q expressions.ConclusionsOverall, our study provides an insight into the GLP regulation of LPS- and Aβ-induced neuroinflammation and serves an implication that the neuroprotective function of GLP might be achieved through modulation of microglial inflammatory and behavioural responses.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0839-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Preparation. The Aβ 42 O were prepared according to the previous publications with some modifications [23][24][25]. Aβ 42 peptides were purchased from (Genic-Bio, A-42-T-2).…”

PL201, a Reported Rhamnoside Against Alzheimer's Disease Pathology, Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Stimulates Nrf2 Signaling

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Spleen Transcriptome Analysis of C57BL/6 Mouse in Response to Hot Water Extract from Spent Mushroom Substrate ofGanoderma lucidumand Cyclophosphamide

“…49 The effectiveness of G. lucidum has been attributed to the polysaccharides fraction, which is 50 responsible for the stimulation of immune system [10,11]. The G. lucidum polysaccharides 51 (GLP) are believed to trigger an indirect antitumor mechanism in which the host immune 52 system is altered to target the tumor cells, meanwhile, it has been shown that GLP have the 53 ability to induce both innate and adaptive immune response [12][13][14][15][16]. The polysaccharides from 54 Chinese herbal medicine are regarded to involve in the activity regulation of immune cells and It is well known that cyclophosphamide (Cy) is a crucial chemotherapeutic drug in tumor 67 treatment, also induces numerous adverse effects, especially myelosuppression [25] and 68 immunosuppression [26,27].…”