Polystyrene–Hemin Dots for Chemiluminescence Imaging

Abstract

Chemiluminescence (CL) imaging has high sensitivity with significantly increased signal-to-background ratio due to no interferences of light source and autofluorescence. However, it is still a great challenge to design and synthesize a highly sensitive CL imaging probe that acquires intensive and long-lasting emission. Here, we demonstrate mimic-enzyme catalytic CL polymer dots (polystyrene (PS)–hemin dots) consisting of hemin, polystyrene, and amphiphilic polymer. CL emission catalyzed by PS–hemin dots increased tremendously, 6000-fold more than that of peroxide hydrogen–CL substrate direct reaction and over 5 h emission. These properties are mainly due to a large number of hemin molecules in a single nanoparticle, high-catalytic activity of PS–hemin dots and slow-diffusion-controlled heterogeneous reaction. PS–hemin dots also possess good stability, excellent biocompatibility, and ultrasensitive response to hydrogen peroxide. The conjugates of PS–hemin dots and integrin-targeting ligand cyclic RGD (arginine–glycine–aspartic) were used for CL imaging of normal and cancerous cells based on the specific reaction between the integrin αVβ3 and cyclic RGD. PS–hemin dots were also successfully used for real-time imaging reactive oxygen species levels in normal and inflammatory mice. PS–hemin dots as highly sensitive CL probes have great potential in bioassays and bioimaging.

Multicolor Chemiluminescent Resonance Energy-Transfer System for In Vivo High-Contrast and Targeted Imaging

“…CRET-Pdots were prepared by nanoprecipitation of conjugated polymers, NIR dyes, FeDP , and the amphiphilic polymer (PS- g -PEG-COOH) . In our system, a hydrophobic ferriporphyrin ( FeDP ) was chosen as a catalyst due to its high catalytic activity in luminol CL reaction. , It is well known that luminol systems have high CL intensity under strong base conditions. However, this system produces a much weaker CL signal under physiological pH conditions.…”

Using chemiluminescence imaging of cells (CLIC) for relative protein quantification

“…Several technologies have been devised to enhance chemiluminescence detection and some could easily be applied to the CLIC method, especially those involving microwave enhancement of the chemiluminescent signal and mimic- enzyme probes 35 – 37 . Other chemiluminescence detection technologies with novel biosensors have proved extremely sensitive and can detect up to 2–3 bacterial CFUs per ml 38 , which is far more sensitive than our CLIC setup and could be useful in certain applications.…”

Long-Lasting and Intense Chemiluminescence of Luminol Triggered by Oxidized g-C3N4 Nanosheets

“…For analytical chemistry, long-lasting and intensive CL emission is highly desired for improving analytical accuracy and reproducibility. Recently, a clear trend of CL study has been to explore new long-lasting CL systems. − In 2017, the Cui group prepared one CL hydrogel to achieve one long-lasting CL emission via slow-diffusion-controlled heterogeneous catalysis . On the basis of the almost same slow-diffusion-controlled heterogeneous reaction, the micro/nanomaterials loading the CL reagent and/or catalyst also exhibited long-lasting CL emission. , In addition, researchers found that some nanomaterials could induce long-lasting CL emission. − Graphene oxide (GO) could induce lunimol to produce a CL emission lasting for 18 s, and the reduced GO/luminol/gold nanoparticle hybrids reacted with H 2 O 2 to emit long-lasting CL .…”

“…15 On the basis of the almost same slow-diffusion-controlled heterogeneous reaction, the micro/nanomaterials loading the CL reagent and/or catalyst also exhibited long-lasting CL emission. 16,17 In addition, researchers found that some nanomaterials could induce long-lasting CL emission. 19−21 Graphene oxide (GO) could induce lunimol to produce a CL emission lasting for 18 s, 19 and the reduced GO/luminol/gold nanoparticle hybrids reacted with H 2 O 2 to emit long-lasting CL.…”