Polyvinyl chloride as a multimodal tissue‐mimicking material with tuned mechanical and medical imaging properties

Li, Weisi; Belmont, Barry; Greve, Joan M.; Manders, Adam B.; Downey, Brian C.; Zhang, Xi; Xu, Zhen; Guo, Dongming; Shih, Albert J.

doi:10.1118/1.4962649

Cited by 48 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…Common TMMs are generally biopolymers or chemically synthesized polymers. Biopolymers have a high mass fraction of water, and their features are analogous to those of soft tissues . Various phantoms are manufactured using polysaccharides, agar, agarose and gelatin .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…A thoracic phantom, manufactured by our team and previously described by Zhang et al, consists of a thoracic shell with different biopolymers‐based TMMs. In the present study, we focused on the synthesized polymer TMM (i.e., PVC‐based material), due to its higher stability and durability in medical imaging and mechanical properties . The PVC‐based thoracic phantom was constructed as follows: (a) Image acquisition: anonymized thoracic Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images were obtained from a routine chest CT scan (Brilliance iCT, Philips, the Netherlands), with tube voltage 120 kV, current 260 mA, slice thickness 0.5 mm, and pitch 0.27.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, mechanical properties of the phantom, such as compressive strength, deformation, fracture, and friction can affect the imaging approach. Therefore, they should quantitatively match human tissue by physical parameters, i.e., hardness, elastic modulus, and Poisson’s ratio …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has the advantages of easy synthesizability, nontoxicity, bacterial resistance, stability and durability. Meanwhile, PVC also has a long lifespan without the need to use material preservatives . Additionally, it is possible to combine PVC with other materials to improve the relative biologic similarity when compared with human tissue as determined by imaging characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterizing mechanical and medical imaging properties of polyvinyl chloride‐based tissue‐mimicking materials

Qin

Dyer

et al. 2019

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a commonly used tissue‐mimicking material (TMM) for phantom construction using 3D printing technology. PVC‐based TMMs consist of a mixture of PVC powder and dioctyl terephthalate as a softener. In order to allow the clinical use of a PVC‐based phantom use across CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging platforms, we evaluated the mechanical and physical imaging characteristics of ten PVC samples. The samples were made with different PVC‐softener ratios to optimize phantom bioequivalence with physiologic human tissue. Phantom imaging characteristics, including computed tomography (CT) number, MRI relaxation time, and mechanical properties (e.g., Poisson’s ratio and elastic modulus) were quantified. CT number varied over a range of approximately −10 to 110 HU. The relaxation times of the T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted images were 206.81 ± 17.50 and 20.22 ± 5.74 ms, respectively. Tensile testing was performed to evaluate mechanical properties on the three PVC samples that were closest to human tissue. The elastic moduli for these samples ranged 7.000–12.376 MPa, and Poisson’s ratios were 0.604–0.644. After physical and imaging characterization of the various PVC‐based phantoms, we successfully produced a bioequivalent phantom compatible with multimodal imaging platforms for machine calibration and image optimization/benchmarking. By combining PVC with 3D printing technologies, it is possible to construct imaging phantoms simulating human anatomies with tissue equivalency.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterizing mechanical and medical imaging properties of polyvinyl chloride‐based tissue‐mimicking materials

Qin

Dyer

et al. 2019

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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“…PVCP has been used in previously published work as a material for developing deformable multimodal anthropomorphic phantoms, and has been shown to have mechanical properties similar to those of porcine abdominal organs. [27][28][29][30] During the heating of the liquid PVCP, additives were used to change the physical properties of the material. The addition of a hardener or softener increased or decreased the density of the PVCP, which modified the computed tomography (CT) and MRI properties of the material.…”

Section: A | Deformable Abdominal Phantom Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformable abdominal phantom for the validation of real‐time image guidance and deformable dose accumulation

Matrosic

Hull

Palmer

et al. 2019

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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Purpose End‐to‐end testing with quality assurance (QA) phantoms for deformable dose accumulation and real‐time image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT) has recently been recommended by American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Groups 132 and 76. The goal of this work was to develop a deformable abdominal phantom containing a deformable three‐dimensional dosimeter that could provide robust testing of these systems. Methods The deformable abdominal phantom was fabricated from polyvinyl chloride plastisol and phantom motion was simulated with a programmable motion stage and plunger. A deformable normoxic polyacrylamide gel (nPAG) dosimeter was incorporated into the phantom apparatus to represent a liver tumor. Dosimeter data were acquired using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Static measurements were compared to planned dose distributions. Static and dynamic deformations were used to simulate inter‐ and intrafractional motion in the phantom and measurements were compared to baseline measurements. Results The statically irradiated dosimeters matched the planned dose distribution with an average γ pass rates of 97.0 ± 0.5% and 97.5 ± 0.2% for 3%/5 mm and 5%/5 mm criteria, respectively. Static deformations caused measured dose distribution shifts toward the phantom plunger. During the dynamic deformation experiment, the dosimeter that utilized beam gating showed an improvement in the γ pass rate compared to the dosimeter that did not. Conclusions A deformable abdominal phantom apparatus which incorporates a deformable nPAG dosimeter was developed to test real‐time IGRT systems and deformable dose accumulation algorithms. This apparatus was used to benchmark simple static irradiations in which it was found that measurements match well to the planned distributions. Deformable dose accumulation could be tested by directly measuring the shifts and blurring of the target dose due to interfractional organ deformation and motion. Dosimetric improvements were achieved from the motion management during intrafractional motion.

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Medical Applications

2018

3D Industrial Printing With Polymers

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Polyvinyl chloride as a multimodal tissue‐mimicking material with tuned mechanical and medical imaging properties

Abstract: The regression model developed in this paper can be used to design soft PVC with targeted mechanical and medical imaging properties.

Cited by 48 publications

References 140 publications

Characterizing mechanical and medical imaging properties of polyvinyl chloride‐based tissue‐mimicking materials

Characterizing mechanical and medical imaging properties of polyvinyl chloride‐based tissue‐mimicking materials

Deformable abdominal phantom for the validation of real‐time image guidance and deformable dose accumulation

Medical Applications

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