Population-Based Analysis of Meningococcal Disease Mortality in the United States

Sharip, Akbar; Sorvillo, Frank; Redelings, Matthew D.; Mascola, Laurene; Wise, Matthew E.; Nguyen, Dao M.

doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000202065.03366.0c

Cited by 63 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, a reasonable amount of indirect evidence from several continents exists. In the United States, those with darker skin have increased risk (Sharip et al, 2006), and rates are highest in winter and lowest in summer (Kinlin et al, 2009;Sharip et al, 2006). Because meningitis is linked to bacterial infections, and vitamin D reduces the risk of bacterial infections through induction of cathelicidin and defensins (Gombart, 2009), one can reasonably expect vitamin D to reduce the risk of meningitis.…”

Section: Meningitismentioning

confidence: 99%

An estimate of the global reduction in mortality rates through doubling vitamin D levels

Grant

2011

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background/Objectives: The goal of this work is to estimate the reduction in mortality rates for six geopolitical regions of the world under the assumption that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels increase from 54 to 110 nmol/l. Subjects/Methods: This study is based on interpretation of the journal literature relating to the effects of solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) and vitamin D in reducing the risk of disease and estimates of the serum 25(OH)D level-disease risk relations for cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory infections. The vitamin D-sensitive diseases that account for more than half of global mortality rates are CVD, cancer, respiratory infections, respiratory diseases, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus. Additional vitamin D-sensitive diseases and conditions that account for 2 to 3% of global mortality rates are Alzheimer's disease, falls, meningitis, Parkinson's disease, maternal sepsis, maternal hypertension (pre-eclampsia) and multiple sclerosis. Increasing serum 25(OH)D levels from 54 to 110 nmol/l would reduce the vitamin D-sensitive disease mortality rate by an estimated 20%. Results: The reduction in all-cause mortality rates range from 7.6% for African females to 17.3% for European females. Reductions for males average 0.6% lower than for females. The estimated increase in life expectancy is 2 years for all six regions. Conclusions: Increasing serum 25(OH)D levels is the most cost-effective way to reduce global mortality rates, as the cost of vitamin D is very low and there are few adverse effects from oral intake and/or frequent moderate UVB irradiance with sufficient body surface area exposed.

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Section: Meningitismentioning

confidence: 99%

An estimate of the global reduction in mortality rates through doubling vitamin D levels

Grant

2011

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…Although significant advances have been made in the development and coverage of vaccines, the disease burden remains high, highest in the meningitis belt in subSaharan Africa, where epidemics occur in waves lasting 3 to 4 years, the last in 2009 (64). Due to the immaturity of the immune system and decline of maternal antibodies (Abs), the incidence of meningococcal disease peaks in the first year of life, although it varies between countries due to differences in serogroup distributions (21,30), and mortality is highest in infancy and for teenagers (50). Thus, it is of utmost importance to design early-life vaccination strategies that induce protective immunity in early infancy as well as long-lasting immunological memory against these major pathogens.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Concomitant Administration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG with the Meningococcal C Conjugate Vaccine to Neonatal Mice Enhances Antibody Response and Protective Efficacy

Brynjólfsson

Bjarnarson

Mori

et al. 2011

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Mycobacterium bovis BCG is administered to human neonates in many countries worldwide. The objective of the study was to assess if BCG could act as an adjuvant for polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines in newborns and thereby induce protective immunity against encapsulated bacteria in early infancy when susceptibility is high. We assessed whether BCG could enhance immune responses to a meningococcal C (

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“…Remarkably, no Norwegian infants below 1 y of age died (which corresponds to two infants in our material). A study from Iceland identified age but not gender as a risk factor [27] while a study from the USA found that infants, adolescents (aged 15Á24 y) and elderly adults over 74 y were risk factors, whereas gender was not [28]. Yazdankhah et al [29] found that the distribution of meningococcal isolates varies temporally and geographically.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis isolates causing fatal disease

Jacobsson

Olcén

Löfdahl

et al. 2008

Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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The objectives of the present study were to describe a selection of characteristics of all available fatal meningococcal isolates (n = 62) and to compare these with all the other invasive isolates (non-fatal, n = 474) collected in Sweden from 1995 to 2004 (fatality rate of 12%). The coverage of the fatal isolates by presently discussed outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines was also estimated. The isolates were characterized by serogroup, serotype, genosubtype, multilocus sequence type and antibiogram. Basic epidemiological data were gathered. The results of the fatal isolates showed 55% serogroup B, 27% C, 15% Yand 3% W-135, with a fatality rate of 11% for B, 12% for C, 17% for Y and 8% for W-135. Characteristics associated with higher mortality were age, gender, serogroup Y, serotype 14 and 15 and genosubtypes P1.7,16-29,35 and P1.5-1,10-4,36-2. In contrast, non-14/non-15 serotypes, the genosubtypes P1.5-1,10-8,36-2; P1.7-2,4,37 and P1.7,16,35, as well as reduced sensitivity for penicillin G were associated with decreased mortality. The presently discussed OMV vaccines could, based solely on the complete genosubtype, theoretically cover up to 44% of the fatal serogroup B cases and up to 100% if every variable region by itself is capable to induce protective immunity.

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Population-Based Analysis of Meningococcal Disease Mortality in the United States

Abstract: Meningococcal disease continues to be an important, vaccine-preventable cause of death in the United States. Vaccination and other disease prevention efforts should be augmented for higher risk groups. Meningococcal mortality data can be used to assess the effectiveness of these efforts.

Cited by 63 publications

References 8 publications

An estimate of the global reduction in mortality rates through doubling vitamin D levels

An estimate of the global reduction in mortality rates through doubling vitamin D levels

Concomitant Administration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG with the Meningococcal C Conjugate Vaccine to Neonatal Mice Enhances Antibody Response and Protective Efficacy

Characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis isolates causing fatal disease

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