Population dynamics inEr3+-doped fluoride glasses

Time‐resolved investigations of erbium ions in ZBLAN‐based glasses and glass ceramics

“…The only sensitive levels to ET processes are the thermally coupled 4 S 3/2 and 2 H 11/2 states. With increasing Er 3+ concentration, a significant decrease of the level lifetime occurs, indicating additional loss mechanisms like cross-relaxation processes involving multiple ions [5]. These results are in accordance with previously reported data on the lifetime of Er 3+ in FZ glasses [9].…”

“…The RE ion Er 3+ is a good candidate for upconversion because of the strong absorption lines in the NIR at 980 and 1550 nm and emissions in the visible range at 400, 530, 550, 650, and 800 nm. Its spectroscopic properties in ZBLAN were intensively investigated mostly because of its role as dopant in bulk laser media and fibre lasers [5,6].…”

Upconversion spectroscopy and properties of NaYF4 doped with , and/or

“…Most of these materials are low phonon-energy halide host-lattices [1,[13][14][15] or glassy hosts [16][17][18][19], both with trivalent rare earth ions present as dopants. Already for quite some time, the NaYF 4 host lattice has been widely recognized as one of the most efficient upconversion lattices [20,21].…”

Rate equation analysis and energy transfer of Er3+-doped Ga2S3–GeS2–La2S3 glasses

“…However, cw operation has often been observed for highly Er-doped laser materials [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. To understand this phenomenon, intensive investigation has been carried out for various laser materials; e.g., Er:YAG [13,14], and Er:fluoride crystals [14,15] and glasses [16][17][18][19]. It is proposed that the cooperative upconversion process, ( 4 I 13=2 , 4 I 13=2 ) fi ( 4 I 9=2 , 4 I 15=2 ), easily occurs in the highly doped matrix and plays a role to prevent accumulation at the lower level.…”