2006
DOI: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2005.03.011
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Upconversion spectroscopy and properties of NaYF4 doped with , and/or

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Cited by 592 publications
(405 citation statements)
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“…To this end, we implemented as UCNPs the commercially available particles of the hexagonal crystal phase of sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF 4 ) doped with Yb 3+ and Er 3+ (β-NaYF 4 :Yb,Er). It is commonly accepted that the β-NaYF 4 matrix exhibits the highest UCL efficiency among the lanthanide-doped fluorides [37]. In particular, under excitation with NIR light, β-NaYF 4 :Yb,Er UCNPs reveal strong UCL emission bands in the green and red portions of the visible spectrum [38].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To this end, we implemented as UCNPs the commercially available particles of the hexagonal crystal phase of sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF 4 ) doped with Yb 3+ and Er 3+ (β-NaYF 4 :Yb,Er). It is commonly accepted that the β-NaYF 4 matrix exhibits the highest UCL efficiency among the lanthanide-doped fluorides [37]. In particular, under excitation with NIR light, β-NaYF 4 :Yb,Er UCNPs reveal strong UCL emission bands in the green and red portions of the visible spectrum [38].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In its most common embodiment, the infrared upconversion in lanthanide-doped nanoparticles is initiated by the absorption of 975 nm light by the sensitizer ion Yb 3+ , followed by energy transfer and ladder-climbing in the manifold of states in the activator ions [5,14,23,25,30], such as erbium Er 3+ , holmium (Ho 3+ ), and thulium (Tm 3+ ). In the material systems where the sensitizer and activator are different ions, the doping level of the sensitizing ion (Yb 3+ ) is high for two reasons: first, to capture the incoming radiation, and second, to increase the probability of energy transfer from the Yb 3+ ion to the activator ions.…”
Section: Selection Of Lanthanide Dopants and Associated Upconversion mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The competing nonradiative relaxation (Scheme 1, (4)) can be reduced by incorporating the Ln 3+ ions into a nanoparticle to prevent interaction of the Ln 3+ ions with overtones of C-H and O-H stretching frequencies [19,20], provided that a low phonon energy host material is used [21][22][23]. With phonon energies of 350 cm −1 , 600 cm −1 , Journal of Nanotechnology and 880 cm −1 , respectively [22], lanthanum-fluoride (LaF 3 ), yttrium-oxide (Y 2 O 3 ), and yttrium-orthovanadate (YVO 4 ) crystal lattices have been used for upconversion, but the vast majority of the results come from the sodium-yttriumtetrafluoride (NaYF 4 ) host material with its low phonon energy of 370 cm −1 [23]. Recently energy clustering at sublattice level has been shown to enhance the efficiency of upconversion [6].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Tm 3þ is an excellent dopant candidate for upconversion under near-infrared or visible excitation because of its favorable intra-atomic 4f energy level structure. Its emission properties have been reported under $ 650 nm, 13,14 800 nm, 15,16 980 nm, [17][18][19] and 1064 nm 14,20 excitations.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%