Population pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime after a single intramuscular injection in wild turtles

Abstract

Ceftazidime, a third-generation cephalosporin, is important for treating opportunistic bacterial infections in turtles. Antibacterial dosage regimens are not well established for wild turtles and are often extrapolated from other reptiles or mammals. This investigation used a population pharmacokinetic approach to study ceftazidime in wild turtles presented for rehabilitation. Ceftazidime was administered to 24 wild turtles presented to the Turtle Rescue Team at North Carolina State University. A sparse blood sampling protocol was used to collect samples from 0 to 120 hr with three samples per individual after injection. Plasma samples were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). A nonlinear mixed-effects model (NLME) was fitted to the data to determine typical values for population parameters. We identified a long half-life (T½) of approximately 35 hr and volume of distribution (V ) of 0.26 L/kg. We concluded that this long T½ will allow for a dose of 20 mg/kg injected IM to maintain concentrations above the MIC of most wild-type bacteria for 5 days. Because of long intervals between injections, stability of stored formulations was measured and showed that 90% strength was maintained for 120 hr when stored in the refrigerator and for 25 days when stored in the freezer.

Pet Reptiles: A Potential Source of Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella

“…On the other hand, the level of resistance to NAL, CHL, SXT, TM, CAZ, CTX, and CIP in reptile Salmonella strains was relatively low. Resistance to CAZ contrasts with a survey conducted on geckos by Russo et al (10), who showed a high resistance of Salmonella species to this antimicrobial, that is used in reptiles to treat infections or prophylactically after a traumatic injury (79). Moreover, it is important to note that fluoroquinolones (e.g., CIP) are the drugs of choice for invasive salmonellosis infections in humans (adults) and cephalosporins (e.g., CTX and CAZ) in children (21), although both are implicated in a reduced effectiveness of Salmonella treatment (77).…”

Pharmacokinetics of ketorolac in wild Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) after single intramuscular administration

“…The primary pharmacokinetic parameter values typical for the population were obtained from the analysis, in addition to secondary parameters and the random source error variability (interindividual variability, IIV). Our pharmacokinetic methods were similar to those used in other studies from our laboratory (Cerreta, Lewbart, Dise, & Papich, ; Rosenberg et al., ).…”

Population pharmacokinetics of itraconazole solution after a single oral administration in captive lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor)

“…This population PK approach has the advantage of obtaining pharmacokinetic results and variability for the entire population. We have used this method successfully for other zoo and wild species (Cerreta, Lewbart, Dise, & Papich, ; Zordan, Papich, Pich, Unger, & Sánchez, ). Although no side or toxic effects were observed in our study, the flamingos received only a single dose of itraconazole oral solution and further evaluations are needed to determine side effects during therapeutic regimens.…”