Population structure of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto in Pinus brutia Ten. in south‐western Turkey

Abstract

Heterobasidion is a genus in the Agaricomycetes include some of the most damaging root rot and stem decay-causing agents of conifers in north temperate countries (Asiegbu et al., 2005;Woodward et al., 1998). Economic losses resulting from infections by this species complex were estimated at approximately €800 million annually in European Union forests in 1997 (Woodward et al., 1998), since when losses in the EU are likely to have increased greatly following the accessions of several Central and Eastern European states with large areas of pine forests and plantations. Significant economic losses caused by Heterobasidion species in forestry place members of the genus amongst the most widely studied forest fungi.The H. annosum sensu lato complex, comprising five species in total (Garbelotto & Gonthier, 2013), is represented in Europe by three species: H. annosum (Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto, H. parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen and H. abietinum Niemelä & Korhonen.These species were initially discriminated by apparent host preferences: pine, spruce and fir, respectively, (Niemelä & Korhonen, 1998) and using somatic compatibility tests .Heterobasidion annosum s.s., the subject of this work, was formerly known as the European P group of H. annosum s.l., mostly found attacking and killing pines (Pinus spp.) but also causing decay on a wide range of conifers and broadleaf species (Garbelotto & Gonthier, 2013;Korhonen & Dai, 2005). Two North American species, Heterobasidion irregulare (Underw.) Garbel. & Otrosina and Heterobasidion occidentale Otrosina &Garbel., were fully described more recently (Otrosina & Garbelotto, 2010). Heterobasidion irregulare generally attacks pines, junipers (Juniperus spp.) and incense cedar [Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin], whereas H. occidentale has a wide host range, including species in the genera Abies, Picea, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga and Sequoiadendro n (Garbelotto & Gonthier, 2013).Primary infections by the fungus occur via basidiospores landing on the surfaces of freshly cut stumps or wounds (Rishbeth, 1950).Once established, the fungus may infect uninjured neighbouring trees by the vegetative growth of the mycelium through root contacts or grafts causing secondary infection of adjacent trees (Garbelotto & Gonthier, 2013). Due to its peculiar biology, entering stands through freshly cut stumps, the fungus is a problem in managed forests, eventually, in the absence of control methods, causing significant reductions in timber production (Asiegbu et al., 2005;

Differences in virulence of genets of Heterobasidion annosum and susceptibility of young plants of different conifer species and origins

“…Twenty single spore isolates of H. annosum s.s. were used in this experiment, representing different genets obtained from 24‐years‐old P. brutia trees in a single location (37°01’K; 29°26’D) in the south‐west of Türkiye (Table 2) and previously characterized (Beram et al, 2021). Isolates were identified to the Heterobasidion species level using mating tests.…”

“…refers to different genotypes based on somatic incompatibility and multilocus genotyping. Isolates from the same genotypes were obtained where several neighbouring trees were infected (Beram et al, 2021). Each genotype represented by two isolates for inoculation tests.…”

“…No. obtained where several neighbouring trees were infected (Beram et al, 2021). Each genotype represented by two isolates for inoculation tests.…”

“…A further record of H. annosum s. s. was made in 2016 with isolates obtained from P. brutia (Doğmuş Lehtijärvi et al, 2016). Beram et al (2021) reported the population structure of H. annosum s. s. isolates in typical disease centres observed on pines in south‐western Türkiye.…”

Çankırı kent ağaçlarında odun çürüklüğü funguslarının yaygınlıklarının belirlenmesi

“…Doğan et al (2005) tarafından da Türkiye'nin Aphyllophorales takımında yer alan 246 fungal türe ilişkin bir liste yayınlamıştır. Diğer taraftan, ormanlarda, orman ağaçlarında görülen bazı patojenik odun çürüklüğü funguslarının belirlenmesine yönelik orman patolojisi alanında çeşitli araştırmalar bulunmaktadır (Lohwag, 1959;Selik, 1962Selik, , 1973aSelik, , 1973bSümer, 1977Sümer, , 1982Abatay, 1983Abatay, , 1986Doğmuş Lehtijärvi and Lehtijärvi, 2007;Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi et al, 2006, 2007a, 2007b, 2014Lehtijarvi et al, 2011Lehtijarvi et al, , 2012Lehtijarvi et al, , 2017Beram et al, 2021). Bununla birlikte, kent ağaçları üzerinde gelişen odun çürüklüğü fungusların tespitine yönelik az sayıda da olsa bazı çalışmalar bulunmaktadır.…”