Porcine Collagen–Bone Composite Induced Osteoblast Differentiation and Bone Regeneration In Vitro and In Vivo

Abstract

Due to autogenous bone limitations, some substitute bone grafts were developed. Collagenated porcine graft (CPG) is able to regenerate new bone, although the number of studies is insufficient, highlighting the need for future studies to better understand the biomaterial. In order to understand better CPG′s possible dental guided bone regeneration indications, the aim of this work was to determine CPG′s biological capacity to induce osteoblast differentiation in vitro and guided bone regeneration in vivo, whilst being compared with commercial hydroxyapatite and beta tricalcium phosphate (HA/β-TCP) and porcine graft alone. Cell cytotoxicity (WST-1), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were assessed in vitro. Critical size defects of New Zealand white rabbits were used for the in vivo part, with critical size defect closures and histological analyses. WST-1 and ALP indicated that CPG directly stimulated a greater proliferation and confluency of cells with osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. Gene sequencing indicated stable bone formation markers, decreased resorption makers, and bone remodeling coupling factors, making the transition from osteoclast to osteoblast expression at the end of seven days. CPG resulted in the highest new bone regeneration by osteoconduction in critical size defects of rabbit calvaria at eight weeks. Nonetheless, all biomaterials achieved nearly complete calvaria defect closure. CPG was found to be osteoconductive, like porcine graft and HA/β-TCP, but with higher new bone formation in critical size defects of rabbit calvaria at eight weeks. CPG can be used for different dental guided bone regeneration procedures; however, further studies are necessary.

Strategies for Bone Regeneration: From Graft to Tissue Engineering

“…In this context, collagen has been extensively used with TCP and HA for both in vitro and in vivo studies, supporting both woven and lamellar bone formation [ 106 ]. The addition of collagen to porcine graft and hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate increases bone formation in critical size defects in rabbit calvarias [ 107 ]. Injectable collagen/α-tricalcium phosphate cement has been demonstrated to be able to give rise to a composite supporting in vitro cell adhesion and proliferation [ 108 ].…”

Effects of photobiomodulation on bone defects grafted with bone substitutes: A systematic review of in vivo animal studies

“…At the present time, many alterative synthetic bone graft substitutes have been utilized as scaffolds to prompt bone regeneration [7]. Some of these biomaterials are as follows: collagen, hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), calcium phosphate cements, glass-ceramics and porcine collagen-bone composite [8][9][10][11]. Hence, optimization of these bone graft substances in order to mimic the properties of autogenous bone substitutes still remains unattainable [8].…”

“…Some of these biomaterials are as follows: collagen, hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), calcium phosphate cements, glass-ceramics and porcine collagen-bone composite [8][9][10][11]. Hence, optimization of these bone graft substances in order to mimic the properties of autogenous bone substitutes still remains unattainable [8]. Therefore, scholars endeavor to investigate either; an alternative method of bone regeneration or generating new biomaterials with osteoinductive potential, as well osseointegration properties, which are always a challenge [6,8,11,12].…”

“…Hence, optimization of these bone graft substances in order to mimic the properties of autogenous bone substitutes still remains unattainable [8]. Therefore, scholars endeavor to investigate either; an alternative method of bone regeneration or generating new biomaterials with osteoinductive potential, as well osseointegration properties, which are always a challenge [6,8,11,12]. On this note, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) can be the answer, as a noninvasive treatment modality in accelerating and improving bone repair, including the use of coherent and non-coherent light sources [13,14].…”

Surface Modified β-Tricalcium Phosphate Enhanced Stem Cell Osteogenic Differentiation in Vitro and Bone Regeneration in Vivo

“…CO2/95% air in the specific culture media described below. Following the protocol from our prior publication 16 and avoiding brain damage, the parietal bone was perforated three times. 24 .…”